Language units that are now considered phraseological units were called differently in the time of V. I. Dahl: sayings, sentences, proverbs, aphorisms. When V. I. Dahl created his famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian Language", the theory of phraseology was not developed, although M. V. Lomonosov spoke about phrases and the need to study them. The term phraseology is not recorded in Dahl's Dictionary at all, and the term phraseology Dahl proposed to call "the doctrine of phrases" - turns of speech that adorn it (comparisons, epithets, metaphors).

The main characteristics of the considered units are ambiguity, relative stability at the lexical and grammatical levels, frequent repetition, common knowledge and reproducibility in speech in the finished form. All units with such qualities listed in the Dictionary are part of Russian phraseology in its modern sense; some-in its core (idioms), others - in the peripheral part.

Most of the phraseological units in the Dictionary refer to proverbs and sayings, the difference between which was clearly understood by Dahl's contemporaries. A proverb is a unit of sentence structure, "a short utterance, teaching, more in the form of a parable, allegory, or in the form of a life sentence, (...) not composed, but born by itself." A proverb can have two plans (direct and figurative): A stump is big, but a hollow tree-someone has a representative appearance, but does not differ in high moral qualities (or: it is not necessary to judge someone by size-something); What will come back, will respond-how you yourself behave according to the rules. to others, so others will treat you. A proverb can only have a direct plan: Friends are known in trouble. Finally, it can combine direct and figurative meanings: Let your soul go to hell - you will be rich - wealth can be acquired in an unjust way.

Proverb - " a folding short speech that is popular, but does not make up a complete proverb, a teaching, in accepted, walking expressions; a conditional turn of speech...". Under proverbs, Dahl understood a variety of units that also have a sentence structure: From

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Moscow burned down a penny candle - an insignificant circumstance caused a terrible event; and the structure of the phrase-Like a pig in oranges (does not know much, does not understand), to anchutki (drunk); speakers in the direct meaning - The pharmacy does not treat - cripples; or figuratively - the Sheepskin is not worth the effort - it is not worth the trouble. There are also phrases in the Dictionary that have been partially reinterpreted: the Ared case is an evil, terrible case; the viper's malice is a terrible malice in its strength.

Dahl selected original, unique words and expressions that reflect the most relevant concepts of the surrounding reality, the realities of Russian life, for example, a penny, a halfpenny, altyn, kopeyka, ruble-a halfpenny calf Across the sea, but I transport a ruble; It doesn't cost a penny, but looks like a ruble; Don't put it in a penny. Russian measures of length-A yard swallowed; Not under a mile to you (not a match for you). Russian dishes-Cabbage soup and porridge - are our food. Objects of Russian everyday life-coffin, or domovina, domovishche - these words are illustrated by a large number of phraseological units: There is no house, but there will be a house; On a foreign land, as if in a house; Build a house, and build a house (remember about death); Take it for yourself on a house (that is, on a coffin - so they say to a thief or an offender).

Phraseological units express a certain philosophy, worldview, attitude to reality: Az da buki will not save you from flour (education is not yet happiness); Pharmacy will reduce the age (distrust of official medicine); Babu bey that you can make gold with a hammer (husband's attitude to wife). Scientists of the Samarkand phraseological school in the 1960s estimated that the vast majority of Russian phraseological units reflect those life situations that cause speakers to have a negative attitude, bitterness and annoyance. Dahl's dictionary fully confirms this: Bread and water are Russian food (or soldiers', Burlat food); They sometimes reap, but eat with water; They live richly - they drink water from the raft. Such a Russian vice as drunkenness is verbally represented by phraseological units: The devil went to the barrels (an ugly drinking spree began); To drink a dead cup; To drink to the bottom - not to see good; To live for a century - to drink for a century. Phraseology more often names and characterizes deviations from the norm for the worse, and positive phenomena (such as mental illness) are reflected in the Dictionary much less. Most phraseological units, combining into semantic classes, participate in the formation of the worldview of the Russian national personality. For example, such a feature of the Russian national character, recognized by all researchers, as religiosity, Orthodoxy and the search for higher truth associated with them, is manifested in phraseological units: God will forgive; God gave, God took; God is your judge; There is no God; There is no cross, etc.

In the Dictionary, there are many phraseological units with the word brother - brotherhood in spirit, by faith, and not by blood, was especially valued in Russia.

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the Holy Spirit ("they exchanged crosses"), a brother in spirit (with whom they went together, confessed), brothers by candle ("they buy a candle in a fold and hold it alternately during the service").

If we talk further about the terms of kinship, then a large role in phraseology is assigned to the father: the native father (about the intercessor, patron); For a dashing father, at least give two uterus.

There are very few dialect phraseological units in the Dictionary, but you can name some of them: abdragan took (Kazan, Orenburg) - fear, fright took; give an oak (yuzhnorussk.) - to die; bring a watermelon (yuzhnorussk.) - to refuse the groom.

There are also argot phraseological units in the Dictionary of V. I. Dahl. From the robber language here are given: duvan duvanit-to divide the spoils; the famous cry of Saryn on kichku ! (saryn - crowd, kichka-bow of the ship, this is the order of robbers, robbers to boatmen, rowers to get out on the bow of the ship, giving the owner and his goods, for which they were spared their lives).

Not being a philologist, V. I. Dahl showed exceptional linguistic flair when distributing phraseological material into lexical articles. So, to the word az (letter) Dahl gave stable units: To sit on the basics-to start learning, but not to be able to continue studying; capital az (spread your legs). The same unit can be found in different dictionary entries: Ataman artel is strong-both the word ataman and artel are given, since both words are important in the semantic sense. Pansies are placed on the word Anna; shepherd's bags on the word shepherd.

Phraseological illustrations of conjunctions are interesting, for example, in the article about union a: The path to prison is wide, but from prison it is narrow. The idea of juxtaposition is expressed here in an extremely figurative way.

Dahl's Dictionary contains a wealth of material for phraseological dictionaries, for various phraseological studies, especially for studying the internal form of phrases.

Tver

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