On the walls of Egyptian tombs of officials and nobles, as well as funeral temples of the New Kingdom era, there are images of foreigners carrying a wide variety of gifts from their country. Among the many scenes of offering gifts, one of the most interesting is one of the types of vessels that are offered-bowls, amphorae, or lydions made of gold, silver, or electrum - whose characteristic feature is a figure of a sitting frog placed either on a pedestal in the center or on a lid. In this article, the author sets out to clarify the semantics of such an image of a frog as one of the elements of an offering.

Keywords: frog image, offering vessels, ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, Nile

The following images of offerings were selected as the material for consideration:

* A fragment of the tomb painting of Amunejeh, ruler of Naharina (TT 84) (during the reign of Thutmose III, approximately 1479-1425 BC) (Fig.

* An image from the tomb of the priest of Amun Puimr (TT 39), also dating back to the reign of Thutmose III (Fig.

* Image from the tomb of Menkheperraseneb, high priest of Amun, in the time of Thutmose III (TT 86) (Fig. 3);

* Image from the tomb of the chief of archers, who had the title "chief of the two lands of Retenu" (Palestine), Amenmosis, during the reign of Thutmose III (TT 42);

* Image from the tomb of the chief of the herds of Amon Ken-Amun (TT 93) during the reign of Amenhotep II (approximately 1428-1397 BC) (Figure 4);

* An image from the tomb of Sobekhotep (TT 63), dating from the reign of Thutmose IV (approximately 1397-1388 BC) (Figure 5);

* A fragment from the tomb of Heya, the pharaoh's viceroy in Nubia (TT 40), during the reign of Tutankhamun (approximately 1333-1323 BC) (Fig.

* A vessel found in the tomb of Iuya and Tuya, the parents of Queen Theia, wife of Amenhotep III (KV 46) (reigned approximately 1388-1351 BC);

* A vessel depicted among other offerings to the gods of Thebes - Amun, Khonsu and Mut, on the wall of the funeral temple of Ramesses III (reign-approximately 1184-1153). BCE) in Medinet Abu.

All these vessels can be divided into the following types. The first type is dd.t. bowls [Montet, 1937, p. 64], i.e. "a vase or bowl made of gold, silver, etc., intended for beer, ointments, or for planting (placing in them) plants" [Wb,

V, 501]. The subtypes include a smooth-walled unornamented bowl, a smooth-walled ornamental bowl, ^a bowl with a fluted body unornamented, and a bowl with a fluted body ornamented1. The second type of vessels includes smooth-walled, unornamented amphorae, one of which is depicted in the funeral temple of Ramesses III in Medinet Abu (see below)^.2

Let's first look at the vessels belonging to the first type, arranging their images in chronological order.

In the Theban tomb of Amunejeh, the ruler of Naharina (TT 84), dating from the reign of Thutmose III, there is an image of the process of tribute-giving by the conquered Syrians (Fig.

Fig. 1. Bowl from the tomb of Amunedjeh (TT 84)

Source: [Davies, Davies, 1941, pl. XIII].

¹ Currently, no analogues of such bowls have been found, so it is impossible to say with certainty which vessels-offerings are flat - bottomed (on a pallet or leg), craters or round-bottomed on a stand, since the source in this case is only reliefs and their drawings, which cannot be accurately determined. However, many researchers are inclined to believe that the vessels we are interested in-offerings - are bowls on a stand (see, for example: [Wreszinski, 1923, tf. 34]). P. Monte points out that during the period under review, fluted bowls with roomy, often fluted, bodies and a collar-shaped corolla bent outwards on a ring-shaped stand were popular. The diameter of the body is much larger than the diameter of the corolla of the bowl and sharply narrows to the stand, often very thin at the top and expanding at the bottom to provide stability to the vessel. Such bowls were exported from Syria and Byblos (Montet, 1937, p. 64-65). Tributaries from Syria, Palestine and Nubia, as well as ambassadors from the Aegean world, presented gifts to the pharaohs (including bowls that included psrsdneaziatskis, Aegean and Egyptian themes and motifs). It should be noted that the type of bowls in which the frog figurine was placed was known in Greece, where flat sacrificial bowls - phials-were common. Phials were most often metal, with a fluted body, ornamented or unornamented, and sometimes there was a rounded elevation in the middle of the tank. Judging by the fragments of the images, the vessels-offerings with a frog were very similar to phials on a ring-shaped, sometimes ornamented with a scaly pattern, stand. Flat bowls resembling phials are also found in Egypt. For example, the cup presented by Thutmose III to one of his military leaders was made of hard engraved gold, decorated with the motif of Nile fish swimming in papyrus bouquets (Stierlin, 1987, p. 65). According to U. Petri, in Tell Retaba, east of present-day Ismailia, in one of the tombs (Petri does not specify to whom exactly it belonged), a round-bottomed vessel dating from the XXII dynasty was discovered, made of blue glass, on the crown, inner walls and bottom of which there were figures of frogs. One of them was placed inside, in the center on a low pedestal that barely reached the middle of the bowl. A lion's head is depicted on the outside of the container. According to Petrie, this vessel was supposed to contain a magical drink that gives eternal life [Petrie, 1906, pp. 31-32, pl. XXXII, XXX[Vb]. Taking into account the above, in the future we will start from the fact that the first type of vessels under study is represented by bowls on a stand.

² For consultations on the typology of blood vessels, I would like to express my deep gratitude to PhD S. E. Malykh.

In the upper-case fragment, a Syrian holds a smooth-walled, unornamented bowl with a collar-shaped corolla bent outward on a ring-shaped stand. Along the edges of the corolla are pomegranate fruits, and in the middle, on a pedestal that does not protrude above the corolla, sits a frog ³ (according to Davis, painted blue).

N. Davies points out that this vase should be gold, although the color to date, according to his own testimony, has not been preserved very well. The lower case shows a kneeling Syrian, at whose feet stands, apparently, the same bowl with a frog and pomegranate fruits on the sides (on the fragment only part of the corolla, bunches of pomegranate and a frog are preserved) [Davies, Davies, 1941, p. 96-98, pl. XIII].

This scene is accompanied by the following text [Urk, IV, 950]: ([... inwsntp-rnp. t [...] ("offering their tribute to the' beginning of the year ' ... "⁴). Thus, the frog bowl is not just part of the offerings of the conquered peoples, but also a gift for the day of the 'beginning of the year'. L. Borchard [Borchard, 1936, p. 57], and then R. Parker [Parker, 1950, p.62] pointed out that tp-rnp.t is, in relation to the New Kingdom era, the first day of the civil year or the year of kingship. This point of view is also supported by K. Eldred, suggesting that tp-rnp. t is another name for the holiday-the royal coronation holiday, "when the Choir takes over the board in place of its deceased father" (Aldred, 1970, p. 116). This holiday was a kind of New Year for the Pharaoh [Wb, II, p. 292], i.e., the new year of the reign, and was celebrated in the first days of the first month of the pr.t⁵ season.

The next image, located in the upper register near the doorway in the western wall of the tomb of the priest of Amun Puimr (TT 39), also dating from the reign of Thutmose III, shows a vessel that was brought as a tribute from Syria in the scene of the latter's offering of gold and silver temple utensils to Amun (Davies, 1922, p. 98 - 101] (Fig. 2). The vessel is a gold fluted unornamented bowl with a fluted body and a collar-shaped corolla bent outwards, on a ring-shaped stand. In the middle, a frog sits on a pedestal. The edge of the corolla and pedestal is decorated with lotus buds (or young pomegranate fruits) and sticks soaked in incense.

In the tomb of Menkheperraseneb, the high priest of Amun, in the time of Thutmose III (TT 86), in the northern part of the western wall, there is an image of its owner offering gifts to the Pharaoh. Among the offerings in the second register is a bowl with a frog (Fig. 3). N. Davies notes that the peoples of the northern countries could also make such offerings as tribute. At least compositionally, the offering scene is shown exactly as tribute scenes were depicted at that time -

³ Regarding the size of the pedestal, researchers also disagree. For example, V. Vreszczynski, describing the vessel from the tomb of Puimr (which will be discussed in more detail below), notes that the pedestal, which in the images, as a rule, protrudes above the level of the corolla, is actually very low, which in principle typologically resembles a phial and at the same time looks like a small pedestal of the vessel published by U. V. Vreszczynski. Petri dishes. Many of the pedestals in the images are placed next to the fruits of young pomegranates, lotuses, or incense sticks, which are really very high [Montet, 1937, p. 65, fig. 82; Dziobek and Raziq, 1990, tf. 2b, szene 3, 4; Davies and Gardiner, 1926, p. 28-30, pl. XX], and some ornamented ones [Davies and Davies, 1933, pl. III]. Therefore, we can only talk about the elevations in the center of the tank based on the description of the researchers, as well as focusing on the image of the vessel and pedestal available to me. As for the figures of the frog, almost all authors who publish images of vessels-offerings, note that on the relief the frog was painted blue. This suggests that an earthenware or glass figurine was placed on a raised pedestal.

___

⁴ Transliteration and translation were performed by the author using: Urk, IV, 950.

⁵ Researchers indicate different days of this holiday: the first day of the pr.t season [Aldred, 1970]; the second day of the first winter month (according to Davis, New Year's holidays were as follows: wp-rnpt - the first day of the first month of ahst, Xrw try rnp. t - the first day of the first month of pr. t, and the next day - nHb-kAw [Davies and Gardiner, 1948, p. 39].

2. A bowl from the tomb of Puimr (TT 39) (Montet, 1937, fig. 197].

3. A bowl from the tomb of Menkheperraseneb (TT 86) (Davies and Davies, 1933, pl. IV).

representatives of each country and nation are shown in the lower part of the relief fragment under consideration (Davies and Davies, 1933, p. 3-4).

In this image, the lower part of the fluted body of the bowl is fluted. The neck of the body is decorated with an ornament in the form of petals and circles inscribed in them, the shoulders - a rounded meander. The frog is depicted on a pedestal that protrudes strongly above the corolla. The corolla is decorated with two bunches of lotus buds or young pomegranate fruits, each of which consists of three plants. Three plants to decorate-

there is a pedestal with a frog (it is specifically noted that the frog is most likely painted blue) (for color symbols, see below).

The image of the gift offering to the Pharaoh accompanies the text, according to which gifts are presented on the occasionof "his journey to the beginning of the year"⁶. Thus, this is the second indication that the offering of the frog bowl is associated with the first day of the new civil year or the year of the kingship.

The tomb of Amenmosis, the chief of the archers, who had the title "chief of the two lands of Retenu (Palestine)", belongs to the same period (TT 42). The scene of the offering of gifts by the "chief of the northern peoples" to Thutmose III, who is sitting in naos, shows a golden bowl with a fluted lower part of the body. The middle part of the body is decorated with a concentric ornament. In the center, on a slightly protruding pedestal on the crown, is a frog. The corolla is decorated with lotus buds (or pomegranates) (Montet, 1937, p. 85) and vessels with incense. The bowl is placed on the table for offerings. As indicated in the work of Norman and Nina Davies, this vessel was produced by the tributaries themselves, and the composition in this vase is a favorite composition of the Northern peoples [Davies and Davies, 1933, p. 27-28].

This scene is accompanied by an inscription, according to which Amenmosis accepts gifts "for the feast of Neheb-kau" - the beginning of the year (Davies, Davies, 1933, pl. XXXV).

The considered material indicates that the frog bowl is presented to the ruler as a gift for a holidayas the "beginning of the year", in this case, the beginning of the new year of the Pharaoh's reign [Parker, 1950, p.62].

The relief on the south side of the western corridor wall of the tomb of the chief of the herds of Amon Ken-Amun (TT 93), dating back to the reign of Amenhotep II, shows the process of offering gifts to the Pharaoh for the "opening of the year"festival

⁶ N. Davies pointed out that the gifts depicted in this fragment were presented to the Pharaoh as a New Year's gift, without specifying whether the beginning of the lunar year, the civil year, or the year of government is in question [Davies, Davies, 1933, p. 3-4].

4. A bowl from the tomb of Ken-Amun (TT 93) (Davies, 1973, pl. XXVIII).

wpt-rnpt [Davies, 1973, pi. XIII]. In different periods of Egyptian history, it markedthe New Year of the civil and / or lunar year [Parker, 1950, p. 58], and sometimes the day of the coronation [Rochemontoix and Chassinat, 1897, 350, 10 and 399, 7; Murnane, 1977, p. 137]. In any case, the wpt-rnpt holiday was associated with the beginning of a "new" time and the resumption of its countdown.

Describing the gifts, N. Davies points out that the best products are presented to the ruler to demonstrate not only the art of masters of different directions, but also their devotion to the Pharaoh [Davies, 1973, p.24]. One of the gifts is a golden bowl placed on the sacrificial table. Along the edge of the corolla is a concentric ornament, along the neck - a dot ornament, the body is fluted, additionally decorated with circles. A frog is depicted on a pedestal that protrudes strongly above the corolla. The entire length of the corolla is decorated with bunches of blooming lotuses (Fig. 4).

In the tomb of the military commander Sobekhotep (TT 63), dating from the reign of Thutmose IV, in the scene of tribute offerings by conquered Nubians and Asiatics [Wreszinski, 1923, tf. 222; Dziobek and Raziq, 1990, tf. 2d, szene 3,4], on the western wall of the hall located perpendicular to the tomb space (lit. "cross hall" - querhalle), among other gifts, a fluted ornamental bowl is depicted. The lower part of the body of the bowl is fluted and decorated with small rosettes, as well as the neck of the vessel, and its bottom is a circle. The stand is ring-shaped. A sitting frog is depicted on a high pedestal. The collar-shaped corolla bent outward is decorated with bunches of blooming lotuses and tall sticks soaked in incense (Fig. 5).

One of the reliefs from the tomb of Heya, the pharaoh's viceroy in Nubia (TT 40) during the reign of Tutankhamun, on the northern part of the western wall shows a scene in which the owner of the tomb presents gifts and trophies from Asia to Tutankhamun [Davies and Gardiner, 1926, p. 28-30, pl. XIX, XX]. As one of the gifts presented to the Lord-

5. A bowl from the tomb of Sobekhotep (TT 63) (Montet, 1937, p. 65, fig. 82).

6. A bowl from the tomb of Heya (TT 40) (Davies and Gardiner, 1926, pl. XX).

hay is a smooth-walled ornamental bowl. The neck of the bowl is decorated with grain - shaped elements, the lower part of the body is decorated with two small rosettes, and the bottom is decorated with a circle consisting of a chain of small circles with ray lines extending from them to the center of the circle. The stand is ring-shaped, additionally placed on a small plate-tray. A tadpole is depicted on a high pedestal. The corolla is decorated with blooming tall lotus flowers and tall sticks soaked in incense (Fig. 6). In this case, vases are presented as gifts to foreign nobility after the victorious conquest campaign of the Pharaoh.

Now consider amphora-shaped vessels. This type is represented not only by images of vessels, but also by handicrafts (pottery) found in tombs among funerary utensils.

Let's start with one of the four white vessels attached to a single wooden base, originating from the tomb of Iuyi and Tuyi-the parents of Queen Theia, su-

prugi of Amenhotep III (KV 46). In this case, it is a smooth-walled amphora with a lid and handles on the sides.

On the central part of the body there is an inscription ⁷:

Htp Wsir nTr aA IwAy mAa-xrw ("Offering to Osiris, the Great God-Iuya, the right-voiced one").

The lower part of the body is separated from the leg by a collar-like protrusion. The upper part of the corolla is bent outward. The leg is ring-shaped, its base is bent outward. On the top of the amphora is a large colored figure of a frog.

Most likely, these vessels are some kind of models of real amphorae, which contained what was necessary for the deceased in the afterlife - ointments, ointments or water. The latter point of view is supported by O. Kaper (Kareg, 2002, p. 120) ^.8

Next, consider the amphora depicted on the lower register of the south wall from the top of the door of the ninth chamber in the funeral temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Abu in the scene of the offering of foreign treasures to the Theban triad of gods. The amphora, along with vessels and other offerings, was presented by Ramesses III to Amon, Khons, and Mut in gratitude for their victorious military campaign [Avennes, 2000, p. 147; Holscher, 1957, pl. 314; Montet, 1937, p.56, fig. 55; Wreszinski, 1923, p. 154, tf. 27]. In this case, it is an amphora with two handles on the sides in the form of stylized lotus stems with buds. The stem of the vessel, which is about half the height of the body, expands strongly at the base. The crown of the amphora is decorated with two symmetrically arranged bundles of blooming lotuses. A sitting frog is depicted on the lid of the vase.

⁷ Translation and transliteration of the author.

⁸ Similar vessels were found in the tomb of the sculptor Amon Hei, also dating from the reign of Amenhotep III. The vessel of interest can be defined as a smooth-walled lidion, with an elongated corolla, the upper edge of which is bent outwards. The lid of the lidion clearly shows a frog preparing to jump (Hayes, 1959, pp. 276-277, p. 169).

From the above examples, it is clear that the vessels on the pedestal or lid of which the frog was placed, quite often turned out to be among the gifts or objects sent by conquered foreigners to the Egyptian rulers. In addition, such containers served as offerings to the gods and gifts for the holidays of the "opening of the year" (wpt-rnp.f), " beginning of the year "(tp-rnp.t), coronation celebrations (nhb-k3w), as well as on the occasion of the "journey to the beginning of the year". These categories of offerings are closely related, and the image of a frog in this case has complex semantics.

It is noteworthy that in all the cases considered, the frog is located above the corolla of the vessel and, accordingly, above the surface of the water. According to N. Davies, the location of a frog on a pedestal surrounded by lotuses should indicate that it is located in a reservoir (Davies, 1922, p. 99; Davies and Davies, 1933, pl. III). Thus, the vase with plants and a frog became a symbol of the Nile with its typical flora and fauna.

According to V. Wreszinski, the vessels under consideration could contain not only water, but also wine, which was then scooped out and poured into cups (Wreszinski, 1923, tf. 34). Wine, like Nile water, was a symbol of the New Year, since the grape harvest took place shortly before the Nile flood [Gusch and al., 2007, p. 851-857; Desroches-Noblecourt, 1995, p. 37-41]. Accordingly, the beginning of a new wine-growing season usually coincided with the beginning of a flood (Hannig, 1995, p. 192). Thus, the semantic meaning of the frog image on the offering vases is the embodiment of the fertile and life-giving waters of the Nile during the flood ⁹.

At the same time, wine was always served during the coronation (for the meaning of wine, see [Roo, 1995]). The coronation ritual was celebrated as a New Year and, which is very important for the study, repeated the cosmogony [Gusch and al., 2007, p. 851-857]. In other words, with the beginning of the reign of a new ruler, the world and cosmos were renewed and a new countdown began, and the god who patronized the Pharaoh in military operations was revered as the creator of the world and the "driving force" of the entire cosmogonic "ecosystem".

It should be noted that the Pharaoh was becoming a new ruler for the conquered peoples. To convince their new overlord that they fully recognized his authority, the inhabitants of the conquered lands used the symbolism of special offerings. The composition on these vessels clearly illustrates this. From the point of view of cosmogony, it represents the creation of the world "in miniature" - a pristine hill rises from the chaotic waters of ^the Noon10. In this composition, the frog sits on a hill in the middle of the water, surrounded by lotuses, or the bowl itself has the appearance of a lotus flower due to the characteristic ornament on the body in the form of petals. The fact that the frog is placed on a pedestal in this composition refers to the semantics of the bird Benu, the egg that appeared on the ground.-

⁹ This statement is also supported by the fact that almost all the researchers who published the vessels discussed in this article noted that the frog was painted blue, since it is this color that quite recognizably conveys the amphibian's habitat-water (this suggests that a figurine made separately from water was simply placed on a raised pedestal). metal [Berman and Bohac, 1999, p. 512-513], various types of stone-jasper, serpentine, steatite, etc. [Andrews, 1994, p. 32, pl. 28h, 53, pl. 54b; Gcrmond, 2007, p. 35], faience [Pavlov and Khodzhash, 1985, p. 208], and also covered with colored glaze (Petric, 1914, p. 12, pl. II, 18j, 18k).

¹⁰ Despite the fact that each of the largest cult centers of ancient Egypt offered its own version of the creation of the world, the idea of pristine waters was present in each of the cosmogonic concepts.

Gosya on the primeval hill, to some extent Atum-the creator of the world according to the Heliopolis cosmogony." In general, we can conclude that the amphibian represents the birth of life on an island of pristine land that rose from the Nuna. The frog placed on the pedestal of the cup presented by the conquered peoples to the conquering Pharaoh symbolizes the cosmogonic "ecosystem" that gives rise to the surrounding world due to the beginning (or repetition of the beginning) of his reign.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the main semantic meaning of the frog is the personification of the life-giving waters of the Nile. However, in addition to this, the amphibian also symbolized the birth of life on a pristine hill among the life-giving waters of the Nile. The image of the frog in both cases is associated with the restoration of time and the resumption of the countdown of time cycles - seasons or periods of reign.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

KV - Valley of the Kings.

TT - Theban Tombs.

Urk. - K. Sethe, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie, Bd. I-IV, Leipzig, 1906 - 1958.

Wb - Worterbuch der agyptischen Sprache. Hrsg. von Erman A., Grapow H. Bd. I-V. Berlin, 1955 - 1957.

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¹¹ There is an assumption by Kh. Kiszkiewicz that the tradition of such images on the New Year's vessel is connected with the Memphis triad of Ptah, Sokhmet and Nefertum. So, Nefertum was associated by the ancient Egyptians with the primordial lotus: when it bloomed, everything earthly appeared. Therefore, we can say that in the image of Nefertum, in this case, the primordial lotus and the primordial fragrance are correlated. The fact is that the lotus fragrance, along with its cosmetic function, also had another semantic meaning: this fragrance was perceived as protection from evil forces, and most importantly - as a symbol of purification and restoration of life [Kischkcwitz, 1970, p. 143-146].

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