O. N. SHELEGINA
Institute of History SB RAS

8 Nikolaeva St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: sholga@ngs.ru

"The XXI century is a century that, without any exaggeration, is designed to embody the global adaptive paradigm: the great adaptation of global civilization to the strict requirements of the era of "sustainable development" and "multicivilizational consensus". < ... > In the light of the imperatives of human survival, the search for optimal strategies for the development of civilization becomes the central task of all science " [Romm, 2002, p. 6-7, 10]. In the broadest sense of the word, to live means to adapt [Osnovnye mekhanizmy adaptatsii..., 1993, p. 5].

Hypothetical propositions about the adaptation of ethnic groups to the modernizing environment, ethnic migrants to new places of residence can be empirically verified on the basis of comparative studies that characterize the general and special features in the patterns of adaptation of social systems in different countries, as well as in the regions of one country [Korel', 1997, p. 23]. In the process of socio-cultural development, adaptation is the mechanism that regulates the life of both the individual and society as a whole [Makhanko, 2001, p.25]. In this regard, the relevance of studying adaptation processes on the territory of Siberia in historical dynamics is indisputable. At present, when problems related to ecology have become extremely acute and traditional management systems are rapidly disappearing, the historical and ethnographic study of the life-support culture of ethnic groups, including the housing and economic complex, clothing, and food systems aimed at meeting the vital and social needs of a person, seems to be very significant in scientific and practical terms. "Material culture almost completely covers the sphere of production and life support.. It is a mechanism of adaptation of society to the conditions of the natural and social environment of its existence " [Arutyunov, Bentzin, Vainhold, 1989, p. 6].

In Russia, the problems of adaptation of forced migrants from neighboring countries, mainly Russian, and the role of regions in this process are of a state nature. The Siberian Region has a rich historical experience of adaptation of migrants, which can be applied taking into account the realities of the XXI century. The regional approach to the topic is also justified by the fact that the diversity of ethnic contacts, features of socio-economic and natural-economic conditions left an imprint on all spheres of life of the population of Siberia. The region as a mesofactor of adaptation has a common historical past and cultural identity. Identity necessarily contains elements created over a long period of time, accumulating the creative energy of dozens of generations of people [Sverkunova, 2002, p. 27]. "Our time is shaky and changeable, especially easy to change the external manifestations of the way of life. It is possible to see the stable views inherent in the people behind this vain flickering only by relying on the previous period: those who have studied how they manifested themselves in the old days will also recognize them under the cover of modern clothing," note M. M. Gromyko and A.V. Buganov [ 2000, p.3]. "Without cor-

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nya and wormwood does not grow " - says folk wisdom. Presenting historical and spiritual roots, promoting the preservation and revival of good traditions, and the ability to successfully adapt to modern conditions, taking into account the experience of generations, are socio-cultural aspects of the relevance of studying adaptation processes in the life support culture of the Russian population of Siberia.

Historical and ethnographic issues of adaptation were first identified in the collection "Problems of studying the material culture of the Russian population of Siberia" [1974]. In particular, the authors emphasized the need to conduct a comparative historical analysis of the material culture of the population of European Russia and Siberia in order to reconstruct the elements that existed in different regions of the country, the process of adaptation of Russian immigrants to new conditions, and in general to determine the ways of developing folk culture in territories that were relatively late settled by Russians at different stages of history. Within the framework of this concept, generalizing works on the ethnography of the Russian peasantry of the Asian part of Russia were prepared. Thus, when considering residential and household buildings, clothing, and food of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVII - mid-XIX centuries, specific facts of adaptation of elements of material culture to the natural and climatic conditions of the region were noted [Etnografiya..., 1981]. In the essays of ethnography of the North Ural peasantry of the XVII-XX centuries, the definition of the role of phasing of migration movements in adaptation processes was called a promising area of research [On the routes from the Perm Land..., 1989].

In the works of V. A. Lipinskaya, N. A. Tomilov, F. F. Bolonev, L. M. Rusakova, E. F. Fursova, P. E. Bardina, A. Yu. Mainicheva, M. L. Berezhnova, L. A. Scriabina, B. E. Andyusev, V. M. Kimeev, O. V. Golubkova, M. A. Zhigunova, T. N. Zolotova, G. V. Lyubimova (see: [Zhigunova and Shelegina, 2004, p. 63; Shelegina, 2003]), a collective monograph "Russian old-timers and settlers of Siberia in historical and ethnographic studies" [2002], published in the subsequent period, the culture of the Russian population was considered taking into account the presence of traditions and innovations in it; the following phenomena were noted: its adaptation to the specific conditions of the Siberian region. At the same time, in these studies, which are undoubtedly important for the development of world and domestic science, a comprehensive assessment of the culture of the Russian population of Siberia as a result of its adaptation to a new territory, the characteristics of adaptation processes were not given.

Among the publications that allow us to identify the features of adaptation of Russians at the initial stages of development of the region, we should note the monograph by A. A. Lyutsidarskaya, dedicated to the old-timers of Siberia in the XVII-early XVIII centuries [1992]. The author presents the main directions of interaction and adaptation of representatives of different ethnic groups. Of great importance is her conclusion that by the beginning of the XVIII century, Siberian city dwellers-old-timers were carriers of a new type of subculture that had developed here.

Based on the study of the material culture of Russian peasants of Western Siberia in the XVIII - first half of the XIX century, performed using mathematical and statistical methods [Shelegina, 1992], one of the possible options for identifying and studying the historical and ethnographic aspects of adaptation of Russian immigrants in the conditions of development of the Trans-Urals was proposed and tested [Shelegina, 1997]. In the course of further research of the material, spiritual and socionormative culture of Siberians in the XVII-XX centuries [Shelegina, 2001a, b], some elements of the classification system of adaptation of L. V. Korel [1996, 1997] were used. Based on the analysis of archaeological, historical, ethnographic and linguistic sources, the adaptation of the Russian population in the Siberian Region was assessed as systemic, i.e. superadaptation. The state or process of adaptive response covered all structural elements of the social system and simultaneously all areas of functioning of the subject of adaptation. The results obtained showed the prospects for the integrated use of historical, ethnographic and sociological research methods and the need for an in-depth study of adaptation processes in the life-support culture of Siberians (Shelegina, 2005a). It should be taken into account that the human body is a complex biosocial system that has great opportunities to adapt to the environment. The application of scientific results obtained in adaptalogy [Basic mechanisms of adaptation..., 1993; Gulyaeva, 1997], which considers, in particular, physiological processes, patterns underlying adaptation to new climatic conditions, and human reserves [Korolev, 1998; Kochetkova and Zavyalova, 2000], will make it possible to objectively characterize the choice of forms of life activity in the future. extreme Siberian conditions, features of adaptive behavioral reactions of individuals and groups.

For the first time and very successfully, the analysis of the socio-cultural adaptation of the Old Believers, the "Semeyskys" of Transbaikalia, was carried out by E. V. Petrova. The characteristics of the forms, stages, and main trends in the development of this phenomenon, as well as factors influencing the level of group "adaptability", are important for the comparative historical study of adaptation processes in Siberia [Pet-

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rova, 1999]. A. I. Paltsev's research is also of interest, which provides a deep understanding of mentality as a phenomenon that allows Siberians to maintain the stability and originality of social systems in the process of their development, and effectively adapt to changes in the social environment [2001]. I. V. Sverkunova carried out a historical and sociological reconstruction of some elements of Siberian life, types of Siberians, relationships between old-timers and new settlers, their adaptations [2002].

Recently, works devoted to certain aspects of the topic under consideration have begun to appear. B. E. Andyusev, reconstructing the traditional consciousness of Russian peasants-old-timers of the Yenisei region (Yenisei province) in the 60s of the XVIII-90s of the XIX century, for the first time analyzed the results of their psychological adaptation to environmental factors. He identified the following groups of factors: Siberian - landscape, natural-geographical, climatic, autochthonous, multiethnic and ethno - cultural; external (including Russian) - historical, political, economic, social, demographic, religious and ethno-cultural; intra-community-economic, demographic, socio-cultural, mental, normative-behavioral (socializing by gender). in relation to peasant youth and displaced persons) [Andyusev, 2004, p. 65]. The author came to the conclusion that "in the course of complex adaptation in interaction with environmental factors, traditional consciousness has acquired the character of an adapted one. Being essentially taxonymic, it included motivated, value-ordered attitudes of specific behavior that influenced the lifestyle and culture of subjects of the Siberian village " [Ibid., p. 249].

The study of Russian architecture on the territory of Siberia for three centuries in the aspect of ethno-cultural adaptation was undertaken by A. Yu. Mainicheva [2005]. Based on the definition of the "adaptive potential of culture" and "adaptability of an ethnic group", she identified the characteristic features of Russian architecture in Siberia, in particular, large "donor abilities" and a significant degree of stability due to the use of stable ethno-cultural invariants and following the system of value attitudes inherent in "moving ethnic groups" [Ibid., p. 42].

When determining the criteria of adaptation of Russians in Siberia, it is necessary to keep in mind the latest achievements in the field of studying socio-economic and ethno-social processes, mechanisms and factors of formation of ethnic identity and mentality of Siberians [Problems of transmission..., 2005, Peoples of Eurasia..., 2005; Problems of socio-economic and cultural development..., 2005; From the Middle Ages by the New Time..., 2005].

In research on adaptation problems, the most fruitful approach may be at the interdisciplinary level, which involves the development of a common conceptual framework, the creation of a data bank, and the coordination of scientists ' efforts. In this regard, the first integration project of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Adaptation of the Siberian population: stages, mechanisms, results"should be noted. Its goal was a comprehensive study of adaptation processes using the methods of the humanities from the moment of human appearance in Siberia to the present time (Krasilnikov and Shelegina, 2004). The results of studying the cultural, ethno-cultural, linguistic, and ethno-confessional adaptations of Siberians made it possible to formulate the problem of studying adaptation processes in the life-support culture of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVIII-early XX centuries in a broad cultural and historical context [Shelegina, 2005b].

Thus, the works of well-known Russian historians and ethnographers, as well as achievements in the field of adaptalogy and sociology of adaptation are a solid foundation for further development and testing of a comprehensive adaptation approach to studying the processes that have taken place and are taking place in the life support culture of the Russian population of Siberia. From our point of view, their structuring is one of the most urgent research tasks. In this paper, a possible solution is proposed.

The process (from Lat. processus-promotion) is defined as a sequential change of phenomena, states in the development of something, as well as as a set of sequential actions to achieve any result [Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980, p.1087]. Adaptation processes in the life support culture can be considered as the interaction of adaptation subjects with the external environment, aimed at creating forms of material culture adequate to new conditions, their subsequent progressive development, and the formation of mental attitudes that contribute to the desire for a comfortable lifestyle.

The essence of adaptation is characterized by the properties of interacting principles, time (duration) and strength of interaction. The environment affects a person in two ways: biological and social. According to A. S. Markaryan, adaptation to the conditions unforeseen by the cultural tradition occurs due to the actualization of the mechanism of creative innovations, similar to the recombination of genes in the human body.

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in the course of bioevolution [1981, p. 82]. Processes that ensure the "preservation" (survival, achievement of life success) of a particular adaptant and the entire social community to which it belongs are distinguished (Korel, 1997). Objectively, there are reasons, driving forces of the adaptation process, determining its character or individual features - adaptive factors. Based on the above, in historical and ethnographic studies, it is advisable to identify and analyze adaptive factors, chronological, essential-content and resulting components of adaptation processes in the life support culture (see the diagram).

Among the factors that determine the direction of adaptation of the Russian population in Siberia can be attributed: environmental, socio-economic and ethno-cultural.

Environmental factors are crucial for human physiological adaptation. In European Russia, during the period of migration of Russians to the Urals, the temperature difference between summer and winter averaged from 23 to 35 °C, in the territory of the Yenisei Region - from 35 to 65, sometimes reaching 85 - 95 °C (in summer - up to +38, in winter - up to -55... -60 °C). In the southern and middle regions of Transbaikalia, the minimum temperature ranged from -45 to -55 °C, and in the northern regions - from -55 to -60 ° C [Andyusev, 2004, p. 66; Bolonev, 2003, p.6]. When adapting Russian immigrants to Siberia, it was necessary to make adequate use of the physiological and psychological reserves of the body. The former represent the ability of organs and systems to change their functional activity and interaction with each other in order to achieve optimal functioning of the body for specific environmental conditions. Psychological reserves are the capabilities of the psyche associated with memory, attention, thinking, motivation of a person's activity and determining the tactics of his behavior, features of psychological and social adaptation [Kochetkova and Zavyalova, 2000, p. 4]. Adaptation to the Siberian climatic conditions of the first settlers led to the development of specific reactions, the formation of a hardening culture, and an increase in the quality of life.-

Structure of adaptation processes in the life support culture of the Russian population of Siberia (XVIII-early XX centuries)

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In the end, it leads to the formation of people with optimal Siberian health and stress-resistant mentality for this climate.

Environmental adaptive factors can also include geographical ones. For a rural resident of the European part of Russia, the distance of 100-200 versts was quite significant. The Asian territory of the country from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean extends for 8 thousand kilometers. km and 4 thousand km - from north to south. So in Siberia they said: "A hundred versts is not a distance", "A hundred versts is not a detour, but the whole of our parish". Adaptation to space required a change in the attitude of migrants [Shelegina, 2001b, p. 15-16]. We emphasize that interaction with the new ecological environment led to the choice of the most acceptable type of economic activity. Zonal differences in the predominance of types of vertical and horizontal layouts of the housing and economic complex as a result of adaptation to natural, climatic and socio-economic conditions were manifested during the completion of the initial development of the territory of the region.

Siberia, like any territory in the process of primary development, has absorbed a motley ethnocultural mass of migrants-individuals, singles, torn out of their traditional socio-cultural environment. To create a life-support system-production and social organization-they had to adapt not only to nature, but also to the peculiarities of each other's cultural heritage [Ocherki..., 2002, p.36]. The multiethnic environment contributed to the development of a certain tolerance, respect for a different culture, and tolerance. Relations between carriers of various ethno-cultural traditions in the business, industrial, and household spheres were of no small importance in interethnic contacts. Productive exchange of cultural values between the parallel and interconnected communities of Siberia played an important role in adaptation processes [Lyutsidarskaya, 1992, p.54, 58, 61, 176]. So, for example, a different ethnic environment of the Old Believers of Transbaikalia ("Semeyskys") contributed to their life affirmation. The Buryats and Evenks, who were mostly peaceful towards the Russians, enriched the experience of economic and natural-ecological adaptation of the migrants through various contacts. Adaptation to the new cultural and linguistic environment and confessional environment (Buddhism, shamanism, official Orthodoxy) occurred by changing some elements of the material and spiritual culture of the settlers and developing mechanisms of counter-suggestion as one of the ways to express resistance to inoculturalinfluence [Petrova, 1999, p. 21].

There is an obvious need to identify the chronological component of adaptation processes-stages, stages, stages-for communities and specific adaptants.

At the stage of preadaptation, in case of sudden changes in the environment, traditional forms of material culture and social organization are used; inadaptation is the process of interaction with the environment and adaptation to new living conditions based on appropriate means, methods, forms, and models of adaptive behavior; postadaptation is a partial improvement of the results of adaptation achieved at previous stages (see the diagram).

There are several stages of preadaptation. At the first (initial) stage, the need for adaptation is formed; the adaptation mechanism is launched - a set of means by which the adaptive potential of the subject is activated and self-realized; the adaptor assesses the scale and nature of environmental changes; the "response program"is selected. The second stage is associated with the mobilization of adaptive reserves (resources), active conscious search, selection and development of new behavioral models at the mental level. The third group is characterized by a "response" to changes in the environment: specific models of adaptive behavior are implemented; achievements are compared with the results obtained by other adaptants, as well as the reference social group; successful models of adaptive behavior are stereotyped and translated, saving intellectual, mental, material and other resources and reducing the response time to changing reality [Korel, 1997, p. 124]. Thus, at the stage of mobilizing adaptive resources and responding to the "challenge of the environment" in organizing the food system and creating winter clothing that is adequate to the conditions of the Siberian climate, Russian migrants used an active strategy of adaptive behavior, its innovative form. This strategy consisted of using the local flora and fauna, studying and applying the experience of the indigenous population. We can distinguish one more stage - adaptability, the ability to continue life in new conditions. The active activity of adaptants fades, there comes a certain relative limit to the practical use of the adaptive resource for achieving specific goals, and it takes on a potential form.

As defined by L. V. Korel, "segments of distance" and "points of the route" of the subject of adaptation that characterize the stage (or degree) of achievement can be distinguished in relation to the subject.

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an individual of a harmonious state in relations with the environment [Ibid., p. 108].

In the situation of developing a new territory for quite a long time, the stages and stages of adaptation for different population groups are not synchronous. Individuals who are at the same stage may differ in the speed of passing individual segments of the adaptation distance. Migration flows from the central regions of Russia to Siberia, which began in the XVI century. and especially powerful during the Stolypin reforms, they made cultural adaptation significant for three centuries for the migrants themselves and for the inhabitants of the territories where these flows were sent. "New settlers who became old-timers were replaced by new parties of colonists from across the Urals. The type of new settlement, therefore, turned out to be temporary, transitional... " [Minenko, 2000, p. 111]. During the 18th and early 20th centuries, various groups of Russians in Siberia were at different stages of adaptation: immigrants - at the stage of preadaptation, and then inadaptation, old-timers-inadaptation and postadaptation.

From our point of view, it is possible to distinguish such parameters as imperativeness, consistency, reactivity, level, forms and nature of adaptation in the essence-content component of adaptation processes.

It should be borne in mind that adaptation is always stressful, and it matters whether it is voluntary or forced. The pace, speed, forms, adequacy, success, and other characteristics of adaptation processes depend on the attitude with which a person learns in new conditions. During the development of Siberia, voluntary colonization and adaptation were crucial. Most of the people who went to Siberia were risky, bold, enterprising, striving for the intended goal. They were internally prepared to overcome the cold and hunger, the difficulties of settling down with minimal state assistance. These included Cossacks, service people, tradesmen and farmers. Many new settlers came to the villages where their relatives or fellow villagers, laymen of the same community, acquaintances lived. These groups of adaptants developed a positive attitude to a new situation (adaptation of consciousness), then a new adequate form of behavior in all spheres of life.

Forced adaptations for some groups of displaced persons could manifest themselves as pseudo-actual and protective. In the first case, the subject, experiencing internal resistance to the pressure of the environment, "disagreement" with it, nevertheless yielded to the new requirements, adjusting the standards of behavior, life guidelines and values. Thus, Russian new settlers, under the influence of the Siberian administration and communities, were forced to use certain agricultural and construction techniques, observe sanitary conditions in their homes and on their estates, and follow certain norms of behavior. At the same time, the level of cultural development of the adaptant is important: the lower it is, the easier it is to abandon the accumulated skills and adapt to new values and stereotypes. Such forced adaptations eventually turned into voluntary ones.

Protective adaptations aimed primarily at self-preservation were associated with a mandatory change in the ways of interaction with the environment, while the old traditional goals and values remained unchanged. From our point of view, this type of adaptation took place during the preservation of local traditions and rituals by migrants, using specific elements of costume and headdresses as ethnomarkers and differentiating them among the Siberian population. At the initial stages of development of the region, in extreme situations, in the first years of life of new settlers in Siberia, there could also be so-called deprivation (reducing the standard of living) adaptations. They were based on a strategy of self-restriction in food and housing quality.

As part of the superadaptation process, local adaptations took place, affecting elements of the social system and the life-support culture interconnected with it. Among them, you can distinguish role-playing games. For example, when creating families, the status of young people increased, which increased their adaptive potential, and made adjustments to the existing housing and economic complex. Optional adaptations helped the younger generation to acquire responses and norms of adaptive behavior developed by other subjects, including in the sphere of life support, in the process of labor education, participation in calendar holidays, rituals, and wedding rituals. Stable adaptations associated with a change of place of residence within the same territorial community were characteristic of intra-Siberian migrations.

The concept of adaptive reactivity is based on the speed of response to changes in the environment, consistency and persistence in achieving adequacy to new conditions. The most successful models of adaptive behavior were fixed and broadcast in society. The mechanisms of their preservation were social memory, socialization, learning and imitation, with the help of which new stereotypes of interaction with the environment were replaced by old ones. In this case, an equilibrium of the adaptive environment and the adaptant emerged [Korel, 1997, p.73].

In the situation related to the migration of the Russian population to Siberia, changes were undoubtedly made

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They were of a large-scale nature and required subjects to adapt to a more active and rapid behavioral response to the "challenge of the environment". Such personal qualities of pioneers as special perseverance, perseverance, firmness, enterprise, ingenuity, resourcefulness, and self-confidence were in demand and cultivated. Successful development of the Trans-Urals region was promoted by the fact that it was carried out in stages and different groups of adaptants were consistently included in the adaptation processes. Cossacks and serving people built forts-outposts that contained the potential for development into cities, the structure of which at the initial stage had an agricultural component: villages "left" the cities, as their number increased, settlements with the corresponding socio-cultural infrastructure appeared, then merged into agricultural areas.

The experience accumulated by subjects with an active behavior strategy, which has a positive effect, was socially useful and saved the strength of more passive adaptants who borrowed ready-made forms of adaptive behavior. Newcomers developed actual behavioral responses under the influence of old-timers.

Adaptations of Siberians at the mental level could influence the culture of life support. The ideal of a Siberian was defined as affluence, well-equipped life, and the desire to improve well-being. The attitude to the case had to be calculated, with a certain margin of safety, and a focus on success. The ideas that emerged in the individual consciousness spread in society and provided an opportunity for progressive changes in the culture of life support.

Adaptations can be traditional, innovative, or hyper-innovative in nature. The former involve the use of ready-made adaptive norms, forms, and ways of interacting with a changing environment. They can be based on the past experience of the subject of adaptation, or they can be borrowed through imitation. With regard to the culture of life support, this means the possibility of using clothing that is common in places where migrants leave, methods of organizing the housing and economic complex, and food systems, if their functional characteristics correspond to new conditions.

Innovative adaptations are accompanied by the development of behavioral stereotypes that are "aimed" at survival or achieving life success in a changed environment. This type of adaptation is based on the search for and implementation of original ways of interacting with the external environment. In the conditions of development of the Siberian region, the number of utilitarian innovations can be attributed to borrowing from the aboriginal population; to the category of prestigious and iconic: for the rural population-elements of urban material culture, for the urban population-components of everyday life of social groups with a higher status, foreign things and food. Migrants and old-timers, depending on the situation, could use both utilitarian and prestige-sign innovations. Social groups and subjects, as a rule, combined adaptations of the traditional and innovative plan. In general, in the process of interaction between traditions and innovations in the culture of life support, the former not only died out, but also changed, taking the form of innovations, and the latter became traditions. There are four stages of such interaction: traditions resist innovations; they both co-exist; they mix, forming compromise forms - palliation; innovations turn into traditions [Peoples of Russia..., 1994, p. 462].

Models of innovative and hyper-innovative (modernist) adaptive behavior are implemented both under the influence of the environment, and in connection with changes in the system of life values, the status of the adaptant. The speed of their distribution in society depends on the effectiveness, efficiency, and visibility for other participants in the adaptation process. As models of innovative behavior, we can cite the use of the latest achievements of construction equipment by Siberian peasants, and hyper-innovative-imitation by rich farmers of architectural forms characteristic of a noble estate; merchants - architecture and layout of housing in metropolitan cities, as well as reproduction of European architectural styles.

Innovations related to such a social phenomenon as fashion could conflict with existing cultural patterns, but they could also contribute to the creation of new patterns, sometimes in the form of palliative forms.

During the 19th century, the established traditions of the old-timers ' world were under external pressure from the innovations of European Russia. According to B. E. Andyusev, at this stage there are processes of interaction between traditions ("we") and innovations ("they"). In this opposition, the contradictions between the Siberian peasant community and the state, between old-timers and Russian immigrants as subjects of interaction between traditions and innovations, look very natural. For Siberian old-timers, the tasks of preserving the old-timers ' (traditional), Russian (ethnic), and Russian (innovative) components of folk culture became vitally important [Andyusev, 2004, pp. 71, 218-231].

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Thus, we can assume that adaptation processes are based on the preservation of traditions (which give stability to culture). and the desire of people to innovate, and sometimes hyper-innovate, ensuring the progressive development of society in all its spheres. In general, for the successful course of the adaptation process in the life support culture, it is important to balance traditional and innovative approaches, as well as to test hyper-innovative adaptations.

Adaptation tools are divided into institutionalized, regulatory and personal ones. The former allow us to direct the activities of adaptants at the expense of the efforts of the state, the church, and the community. Belonging of an individual to a social institution adapting in a new territory, being in the public service included him in the general adaptation process and thereby facilitated the search for an individual survival strategy with optimal use of adaptive resources. The second and even more so subsequent generations of immigrants who became old-timers were carriers of a life-support culture that was already adapted to the Siberian soil. Progressive adaptation was promoted by the activities of the Tomsk Provincial Construction Commission, created by the decision of the Senate. She sought to spread advanced construction techniques in the village environment.

Normative and regulatory means of adaptation with the help of society and the family, cultural norms, traditions, customs allow us to direct the activities of adaptants to create the conditions necessary for life. In some cases (for example, when it is necessary to reproduce a forest suitable for construction), community decisions were a regulatory means of adapting to environmental conditions. Under the influence of the community, the adaptive behavior of migrants was formed. Russian new settlers were required to use advanced agricultural and construction techniques, keep their homes and estates in good sanitary condition, and follow certain standards of behavior. The system of value indicators necessary for successful adaptation and life activity of members of the rural community was reproduced in the peasant consciousness. Thanks to the institutionalized and regulatory means of adaptation in Siberia, regional redistribution of products and imported goods was carried out, which objectively contributed to the development of a culture of life support.

Personal adaptation tools have a socio-psychological coloring, embody cognitive algorithms, value orientations, and determine the behavior of individuals in certain situations. The higher the level of cultural development, socio-cultural status, the higher the ability of the subject of adaptation to influence the environment in their own interests, the more likely they are to adapt it to their own goals [Korel, 1997, p. 93, 115]. This was facilitated by the presence and effective use of the so-called adaptive biography, a fairly high level of sociability, knowledge of the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, and motivation to achieve success in life. Archaic attitudes and" worked-out scenarios " were the basis for the psychological comfort of the traditional consciousness of Siberians, and helped them quickly and successfully adapt to a new territory [Andyusev, 2004, p. 55]. The panache of Siberians, regardless of their financial status, gender and age, the manifestation of individual taste, and a certain entrepreneurial spirit to achieve this were realized using innovative and hyper-innovative models of adaptive behavior, primarily by subjects with internal "locus control"*.

The criteria of adaptation processes include adequacy, depth, constructiveness, completeness, progressiveness of adaptation, and ethnographic identity. Adequacy implies a correct understanding of the adaptor's "environmental challenge", changes occurring in it, and appropriate adjustment of their consciousness, behavior, and practical actions. In a difficult situation, the correct choice of behavior strategy depends not only on the subject's ability to adapt to rational thinking, but also on his intuition, luck [Korel, 1997, pp. 47-49, 130].

The formation of an adapted lifestyle of old-timers was largely determined by adequate extreme conditions of ideas about the goals, methods of activity and the final results of the formation of material and economic infrastructure. For example, the nutrition system of the inhabitants of the agricultural zone of Siberia should be considered the most adequate for the period of inadaptation. Of the components included in it, dumplings and tea were considered vital and iconic, variable. They can be regarded as a manifestation of constructive adaptation, which carries elements of creativity, rationality and universality. In relation to the culture of life support, structural adaptations can be considered as modifying types of housing layout, trans-

* This sociological term refers to the idea of the extent to which a person is the master of his life, whether he connects his success in life with external circumstances that do not depend on him, or solely with personal merits and efforts.

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emerging types of clothing and food used in various everyday situations.

The criterion of the depth of adaptation processes involves identifying, in particular, surface adaptations. They are accompanied by only minor changes in the ways and nature of the adaptant's interaction with the environment. The indicator of depth is the "reversibility" of adaptation, i.e. the ability to return to the previous way of life with a corresponding change in external conditions. Such adaptations seem to characterize the life of fishermen with a specific culture of life support, road situations.

With progressive adaptation, its subject increases its social and property status in the course of interaction with the external environment. In our opinion, the use of the latest construction techniques, an advance in the pace of distribution of fashionable clothing, can be considered as progressive phenomena in the culture of life support.

Sociologists suggest that the adaptability of the subject of adaptation is correlated with its belonging to a particular group, identified on the basis of "locus of control" [Ibid., p. 135]. A retrospective analysis of the sociogenesis of Siberians, conducted by A. I. Paltsev, allows us to identify as dispositional attitudes that determine their value orientations, freedom, conciliarity, practicality, spirituality, and duty [2001, p.104]. It is obvious that persons with internal "locus control" prevailed among the pioneers of Siberia, old-timers, and some of the immigrants.

The fundamental issue is the completion of a certain stage of the adaptation process, the onset of a state of adaptation. The criteria proposed by sociologists include: completeness - achieving complete harmony with the environment during adaptation processes (partial adaptation - to individual changes in the environment-may become complete, or may remain incomplete forever); availability of a reliable set of solutions to various problems in certain conditions; behavioral characteristics of the adaptant - "embeddedness" in a new one social environment (the degree of mastering new behavioral standards, actual reactions, mentality) [Korel, 1997, p.65].

To assess adaptability, you can use situationality or regularity of actions. The predominance in the behavior of situational reactions to the "challenge of the environment" indicates the subject's maladaptation. It can be associated with both subjective factors - a weak adaptive ponencial of the adaptant, and objective factors - the chaotic nature of changes in the environment, which require a new decision and type of response each time [Ibid., p. 135]. In relation to the life support culture, the criterion of adaptability can be considered the presence of forms of material culture created on the basis of traditional and innovative, hyper-innovative models of behavior that are adequate and most progressive for a given territory and time period.

Thus, when structuring and studying adaptation processes in the life-support culture of the Russian population of Siberia in the XVIII-early XX centuries, which, in fact, are just beginning, it is necessary to take into account their phasing, stadiality; determine the totality of actions, the nature of the use of forms and means of adaptation; evaluate the success of the process in terms of adequacy, depth, constructiveness, completeness, social well-being of adaptants, formation of local and regional variants of culture.

Adaptation in general, and in a life-support culture in particular, is a continuous process. After all, to live means to adapt, and to adapt means to live!

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 21.11.05.

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