(For the 110th anniversary of his birth)

On February 14, 2012, my father, Professor P. A. Gushcho, would have been 110 years old, and on December 19, 2012, it would have been 75 years since the verdict of the military collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on the execution of a "member of a spy and terrorist organization", carried out on the same day (FSB Archive, No. 14499,Moscow). op. P-8960).

P. A. Gushcho was born on February 14, 1902 in Irkutsk in a family of exiled settlers. One of his grandfathers was Valerian Gintovt, a nobleman of the Vilna province, and the other was Matvey Gushcho, a nobleman of the Minsk province. One of Matvey Gusho's four sons, Anton, was exiled in the 1880s.Together with his wife and children, he was exiled to Siberia to settle in the Irkutsk province. The future father of Peter Antonovich-Anton Matveyevich Gushcho (1863-1907) and the future mother - Yadviga Valerianovna Gintovt (1868 - 1918) (OSU GAIO, f. 294, op. 4; f. 294, op. 1 and 4) were married in 1891 in Irkutsk in the Roman Catholic Church. The Russian noble family of Gusho and the Lithuanian noble family of Gintovt are mentioned in the XVI century.

Anton and Yadviga had seven children, in addition, they also raised an adopted son-a Buryat who was left without parents. Anton Matveyevich worked as a locksmith in the settlement.

His wife, after the death of her husband, worked for some time in a photo studio in Irkutsk. P. A. Gushcho, a descendant of the nobles, did not lie to the Soviet authorities when he indicated his social status in the questionnaires - from the workers. His first job in tsarist Russia was as a shoemaker in Kazakov's shop in Irkutsk, where he also taught the owner's children to read and write. Of Pyotr Antonovich's four brothers, only the youngest, Henri Antonovich (1907 - 1986), is known to have died. He graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute and worked as an engineer at Moscow's thermal power plants.

On December 29, 1919, P. A. Gushchot was conscripted into the Kolchak Army as a 2nd-class sailor on the cruiser Orel. By the middle of January 1920, the only school loyal to Kolchak in Primorye was the Naval School in Vladivostok, where my father ended up. On the night of January 30-31, 1920, the head of the school Kititsyn was ordered to sail to Tsuruga (Japan), leading a detachment of ships loyal to Kolchak "Orel", "Yakut" and the icebreaker "Baikal". In Tsuruga, Kititsyn was ordered to transfer the Naval School from Vladivostok to Sevastopol (RGAVMF, RGASPI). However, about 40 sailors, and Peter Gushcho among them, were written off to Kolchak's land army and sent to serve in Kolchak's Harbin at that time. Under Japanese police escort from Tsuruga, they were taken to Changchun in Manchuria, which was under Japanese control, where the Japanese handed over the sailors to the guards of the Harbin railway. Two days before arriving in Harbin, on March 7, 1920, road workers went on strike. Taking advantage of this situation, the sailors of the "Eagle" deserted from the Kolchak army. And already at the end of March 1920. Pyotr Gushcho illegally joined the Komsomol.

March to June 1920 Pyotr Gushcho worked as a sailor in a private yacht club in Harbin and at the same time entered the service of a private in the 4th Intelligence Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (Red Army) under the command of Lavrenty Mikhailovich Yakovlev-Dunin. From Harbin, four months later, he was transferred to Chita, and then to Vladivostok, and from June 1920 to December 1922, P. Gushcho served as a private in the 4th Directorate of the Far Eastern Fifth Red Banner Army as a scout (TSAOPIM archives, RGASPI).

In January 1923, P. A. Gusho was transferred to the 15th Company of the Baltic Fleet Submarine Brigade as a sailor. On April 5, 1923, he was enrolled as a student in a diving school, and on August 31, 1923, he was transferred to the submarine "Marat". On July 3, 1923, he was assigned to the Krasnarmeets submarine, where he served as a helmsman, senior helmsman, and boatswain until 1926. There, in 1925, he became a member of the RCP(b).

By the decision of the party organization of the Baltic Fleet Squadron, he was sent to work in Moscow in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (1926-1929). On July 16, 1929, by the decision of the NKID party organization, he was sent to study at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. Narimanov. He graduated from the MIV ahead of schedule (1929-1932), and completed postgraduate studies with it (1932-1935), combining this with teaching Japanese.On December 25, 1935, he received an associate professor's diploma at the MIV. Before his arrest, he held the position of professor and head of the Japanese Language Department and taught Japanese at the Military Academy. After studying at the Institute, he refers to himself in one of the questionnaires to the "senior command staff".

Apparently, he had an officer's rank.

Here is what the rector of the MIV A. G. Gambarov wrote: "Associate Professor Gushcho Pyotr Antonovich has been acting as the head of the Japanese Language Department since March 1934. He is in the full sense of the word a graduate of the institute, in a three-year period he completed the course of the institute, then graduate school, combining training in it with teaching. Taking into account the abilities of tov. Due to his organizational qualities and penchant for research work, he was soon promoted to the position of head of the department. On this errand, com. Gusho did quite well in the very stressful and difficult conditions of training students of the Special Japanese Sector, where for the first time the experience of teaching a large group of people (200 people)was set Japanese language in an exceptionally short period of time - 1.5 years. Along with this, com. Gushcho was able to co-author with Associate Professor Gorbstein to create a textbook that is used as the main tool in educational institutions where the Japanese language is studied...".

The textbook of the Japanese language in two parts (the first part was published in 1934, the second in 1937) was one of the first two textbooks of this language published in mass circulation in our country (along with the Leningrad textbook of E. M. Kolpakchi and N. A. Nevsky, also published in 1934). only multiplied within a particular university. The textbook for its time was at a high scientific level [Alpatov, 1988, p. 99-100] and was used not only in the MIV.

After the publication of the first part of the textbook, P. A. Gushcho and his co-author were promoted to the title of associate professors. In this regard, the founder of the Soviet school of Japanese studies, N. I. Konrad, presented a review that has already been published [Tamazishvili, 1992, p. 115-116]. In particular, it says: "In connection with the submission of tt. Gushcho and Gorbstein to the title of associate professors, I consider it necessary to support this petition... Recently, Tt. Gushcho and Gorbstein jointly wrote a Japanese language textbook, published by the Publishing House of Foreign Workers in the USSR and still serving as the main textbook for the first year at the Institute of Oriental Studies. Narimanov and the Leningrad Oriental Institute... According to its material, this textbook represents the first experience of a truly Soviet textbook of the Japanese language, since it combines the necessary topics of everyday life with the main topics of Japanese political and social life, as well as with the main topics of Japanese-Soviet relations. As an extremely positive aspect of the textbook, it should be noted that all everyday vocabulary and phraseology are presented in the textbook not in a neutral plan, but in such a thematic one an environment that is close to the political consciousness of the Soviet student, which creates the best opportunities for the teacher and student to study this vocabulary and phraseology... The grammatical scheme underlying the material corresponds to the modern understanding of the Japanese language, as it is established in the main grammatical literature - Japanese and Soviet... The title of associate professor also implies the ability to organize teaching. Having a lot of experience in this field (I have been teaching Japanese since 1913), I must state categorically that t. Gushcho, as the head of the department, showed himself as an exemplary organizer, who brilliantly delivered all the educational and pedagogical work. In this he was best helped by his deputy head of the department T. Gorbstein. I can attest that the teaching of Japanese at the Narimanov Institute has never been raised to such a high level as during the leadership of the department by these two comrades. All this, taken together, makes it absolutely certain that tt. Gushcho and Gorbstein have every right to hold the title of associate professors, which is already fully recognized by the opinion of the Soviet scientific and Japanese studies community."

However, a prominent Japanese scholar N. P. Matsokin submitted a sharply negative review of the textbook to the Academic Committee of the Central Election Commission of the USSR (the Committee for the Management of Scientists, Educational and Publishing Institutions under the Central Election Commission of the USSR), and then published his review with minor changes in the journal "Literature of Nationalities of the USSR". In addition to special criticisms (including the inconsistency of a number of provisions of the textbook "the new doctrine of language" by N. Y. Marr), the review also contained a number of politicized conclusions accusing the authors of "giving the Soviet textbook a grammatical system of clearly feudal origin" [Matsokin 1935, p. 17]. It was meant that the textbook uses some concepts and terms of the Japanese linguistic tradition.

However, 37 Japanese scholars protested "against the review of N. P. Matsokin as such, since it is essentially directed against the entire Soviet Japanese studies." Among them were: N. I. Konrad, N. A. Nevsky, E. M. Kolpakchi, Ya. B. Radul-Zatulovsky, A. E. Gluskina, V. M. Konstantinov, A. A. Kholodovich, D. I. Goldberg, N. I. Feldman, D. P. Zhukov, writer Roman Kim and others. Their joint public protest in the press is an unprecedented event in the history of Soviet Oriental studies (for more details, see [Tamazishvili, 1992]).

Having thoroughly considered the theoretical provisions of Matsokin's review, the authors of the protest stated:: "The reason that prompted us to devote so much space to this review is that it puts forward against the textbook that was used in universities in Moscow and Leningrad, against its authors... and, consequently, to some extent, against those who used this textbook, a number of political accusations of propaganda of Japanese nationalism, aiding British imperialism, and instilling feudalism in Soviet science.

It seeks to discredit both scientifically and politically the entire system of Soviet teaching of the Japanese language and, to a large extent, the system of Soviet Japanese linguistics...

It is clear that N. P. Matsokin's review has nothing in common with the methods of Soviet review. N. P. Matsokin's review is a pseudoscientific attempt, disguised as scientific, to speculate on the methods of alleged class vigilance, ostensibly to protect the political purity of Soviet Japanese studies, but in reality to slanderously discredit Soviet Japanese studies and prevent its further growth... Therefore, we express our protest against it and hope that the Soviet public will not allow such reviews to be repeated in the future. At the same time, we express our sympathy to Tt. Gushcho and Gorbstein-the authors of the textbook, which

Of course, it has many shortcomings, which, we repeat, should be strongly criticized, but which played a great positive role in teaching Japanese in Soviet universities at a certain stage" [About..., 1936, p. 139].

A year later, after the publication of the second part of the textbook, the passions around Gushcho and Gorbstein raged with renewed vigor. In the organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) - the Bolshevik magazine (1937, No. 16), an article by P. Vinokurov appeared, who, along with other books, pointed to the textbook of Gushchot and Gorbstein as an example of "what tricks the enemy and his accomplices resort to, using the press for their counter-revolutionary purposes" (see: [Tamazishvili, 1992, p. 118]). The essence of the accusations was that the lessons devoted to the Red Army were constructed in the form of a dialogue between two Japanese, one of whom asks questions of a military nature, and the other explains what this army is. According to Vinokurov, the first one is "a spy who got into the department", the second one is "a simple-minded student".

N. I. Konrad tried to save Pyotr Antonovich by transferring him, at least temporarily, to Leningrad. At the invitation of N. I. Konrad and in coordination with the Academic Committee of the Central Election Commission of the USSR, he was seconded from the MIV to the IV of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in the wording of Konrad's report: in order to "strengthen scientific desks, staff"). In the letter of the rector of the Moscow Institute of Higher Education, the following is reported:"...I consider it expedient to send com. Gushcho for a period of 1 year to the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad to work under the supervision of Professor, Dr. Konrad and prepare a dissertation. Having returned from Leningrad on the execution of this assignment, com. Gusho will undoubtedly be of great scientific value and will rightfully occupy the Japanese language department... " But this did not materialize.

On September 17, 1937, a meeting of the department was held, at which Comrade Gushchot was severely reprimanded by the party group with a warning, "taking into account his admission of his mistakes and the lack of data on the presence of malicious intent on the part of Comrade Gushchot. Gusho". At that time, this decision was soft. However, already on September 21, 1937, the institute's party committee was held, where Dolgopyatov, Zorin, Galkin, Kuznetsov, Ryndzyunsky, Perevertaylo, Bobkova, Mourning, Vardul, Laine, Korobochkin, Moskalev, Anurov, Feinberg, Pekarsky and Gushcho were present.

The party manager of the graduate school group, Perevertaylo (later Director of the Moscow Institute of Internal Affairs), reported on the work of the commission in connection with the article by com. Vinokurov in the magazine "Bolshevik" No. 16 about the textbook of the Japanese language compiled by com. Gusho, and noted that the commission had recognized the article of com. Vinokurova correct and timely... Tutorial " opens a direct loophole for espionage work. The textbook contains a number of politically harmful and clearly counter-revolutionary formulations... Due to the presence of counter-revolutionary phrases and politically harmful hostile material in the textbook, the commission declared the textbook subject to withdrawal." Decision of the Institute's party Committee: "The textbook containing counter-revolutionary and hostile material should be withdrawn. The author of the textbook, com. Gushcho Pyotr Antonovich, a member of the CPSU (b) since 1925, party ID number 0032580, according to the social status of an employee, was in the white army of Kolchak, - for dragging counter-revolutionary fascist and political hostile material in the textbook, as well as material that gives a legal opportunity for espionage work, - from the ranks of the CPSU(b) TO EXCLUDE".

On September 26, 1937, the MIV issued Order No. 242, which read:: "An inspection of the Japanese language textbook by Tt. Gushcho and Gorbstein, undertaken by the Institute at the signal of the Bolshevik magazine, revealed that this textbook contains counter-revolutionary and fascist statements and formulations and is subject to unconditional withdrawal. All party and non-party Bolsheviks of the institute must learn a lesson from this and understand that political carelessness, which opens up the possibility of enemy work, is absolutely intolerable in the future." The order was signed by the acting Director of the MIV A. G. Pekarsky.

By the same order, "in order to check the entire collection of textbooks, manuals and literature in the library's and publishing house's book storehouses, special teams were formed by the Institute's staff." F. N. Vardul, M. Laine, O. D. Bobkova, P. S. Anufriev, and P. M. Shchungsky (the team leader) were also included in the team of Japanese linguists, who were among the 37 who supported Gushchot and Gorbstein in their time, although at the time of the order's publication they were still "tt.". One of them, P. S. Anufriev, who was one of the leading Vladivostok Japonists in the 1920s, will soon also be arrested and shot. M. Laine will be arrested, but then released (he taught at the MIV after the war). Bobkova's husband will die.

On October 10, 1937, P. A. Gushcho sent a letter to the Department of Party Propaganda of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) addressed to its head, com. Stetsky (who will also be shot soon), in which he asked for "the right to-

allow the institute's party organization and the party committee to understand the substance of its case." There was no response, and on October 29, 1937, he was arrested.

He was interrogated by State Security Lieutenant Guzovsky and State Security Sergeant Kornienko (both were later convicted of falsifying criminal cases). There were no investigative actions, confrontations, or physical evidence. He was charged with a short service in the Kolchak army, and contacts in 1920 with the Japanese, and working with L. M. Yakovlev-Dunin, who was shot on charges of espionage in 1924. During the early one-day trial, P. A. Gushcho pleaded not guilty.

The troika, chaired by armvoenyurist V. V. Ulrikh and members of brigvoenyurist Stelmakhovich and voenyurist 1 rank Kandybin, confirmed the conclusion of the investigation that " on the instructions of Japanese intelligence, Gusho P. A. was engaged in active espionage activities." The troika convicted him under articles 58-1a, 58-8, 58-11 of the RSFSR Criminal Code, the first two of which (treason and terror) were the worst in those days. The file also contains a certificate of the execution of P. A. Gushcho on December 19, 1937 in Moscow, signed by the head of the special department of the NKVD of the USSR, Lieutenant of state Security Shevelev (vol. 2, l. 455).

Professor Pyotr Antonovich Gushcho, Head of the Japanese Language Department at the Institute of Oriental Studies. Narimanov, the co-author of a Japanese language textbook, was then only 35 years old, I, his youngest son, was 7 months old, and the eldest son was 11 years old. His colleague and co-author of the textbook, associate Professor G. S. Gorbstein (1907-1937), was also shot on December 10, 1937. Even earlier, N. P. Matsokin was shot.

The case against P. A. Gushcho was reviewed by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 15, 1956. P. A. Gushcho was rehabilitated posthumously.

The author expresses his deep gratitude to the staff of the archives I. K. Rudakova, A. I. Safutdinov, O. G. Semyonova (State Archive of the Irkutsk region), A. T. Plevin (Russian Society of Historians and Archivists), N. S. Bulycheva, S. V. Chernyavsky (Russian State Archive of the Navy), I. G. Ter-Gabrielyan, V. V. Kolesnikov (Russian State Archive of the Navy). N. Shepelev (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History), M. P. Zakharchenko, P. M. Mironchuk (State Archive of the Trans-Baikal Territory, Chita), L. S. Naumova, V. V. Nikanorova (Central Archive of Socio-Political History of Moscow), N. I. Kucheryava, A. P. Cherepkov (Central Archive of the FBS of Russia), V. I. Karataev (Russian State Military Archive, Moscow), I. A. Permyakov (Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Podolsk). The author would like to express special gratitude to the corresponding member. RAS V. M. Alpatov for the attention shown to this publication.

list of literature

Alpatov V. M. Izuchenie yaponskogo yazyka v Rossii i SSSR [Studying the Japanese language in Russia and the USSR].

Vinokurov 11. Some methods of enemy work in the press and our tasks / / Bolshevik. 1937. N 16.

Matsokin N. [Rets. on:] Gushcho P., Gorbshtein G. Textbook of the Japanese language. Part 1. Moscow-L., 1934 / / Literature of nationalities of the USSR. 1935. N11.

Concerning the review of N. P. Matsokin / / Bibliografiya Vostoka. 1936. N 8 - 9.

Tamazishvili A. O. Is subject to unconditional withdrawal. To the 90th anniversary of P. A. Gushcho // East. 1992. N 6.

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