The lectures demonstrate that the density matrix is a compact method of specifying polarization. Accordingly, we consider the density formalism of the beam, and show that the density matrix of the beam is a very convenient tool for describing proton scattering and polarization in nuclei. Based on this formalism, we obtain expressions practically for all observed quantities that we managed to extract in the experiment. We briefly describe methodology of obtaining triple scattering parameters, introduced by Wolfenstein for the description of nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleus scattering. In this description, we are based primarily on the formalism developed, summarized and modeled by Ohlsen after that of Wolfenstein. Some of the represented theoretical aspects are illustrated in three accompanying supplements.

            The Chapter consists of two sections. The first section (in Russian) is devoted to theoretical studies of proton spin observables in reactions. The second section (in English) deals with experimental measurements and potential combinations of polarization 

INTRODUCTION

The Chapter consists of two sections. The first section (in Russian) is devoted to theoretical studies of proton spin observables in reactions. The second section (in English) deals with experimental measurements and potential combinations of polarization transfer coefficients. Different types of DWIA calculations reported here help to identify the role of nucleon-nucleus kinematics, important for understanding reaction mechanisms.

In polarized proton scattering, it is important to understand how the direction and/or magnitude of proton polarization change during this process. Wolfenstein posed a similar question and then consistently formulated the necessary theory, or at least, gave a masterful review of the corresponding formalism pertaining mainly to the NN problem. According to Ohlsen, Wolfenstein developed for these purposes the general density matrix formalism in elegant and readable form.

In the Chapter presented below, we are mainly based on the Wolfenstein approach modernized by Ohlsen. The latter, according to his review, partially summarized this formalism and, in fact, modeled it after that of Wolfenstein.

The Chapter consists of two sections. The first section (in Russian) is devoted to theoretical studies of proton spin observables in reactions. The second section (in English) deals with experimental measurements and potential combinations of polarization transfer coefficients. Different types of DWIA calculations reported here help to identify the role of nucleon-nucleus kinematics, important for understanding reaction mechanisms.

In polarized proton scattering, it is important to understand how the direction and/or magnitude of proton polarization change during this process. Wolfenstein posed a similar question and then consistently formulated the necessary theory, or at least, gave a masterful review of the corresponding formalism pertaining mainly to the NN problem. According to Ohlsen, Wolfenstein developed for these purposes the general density matrix formalism in elegant and readable form.

In the Chapter presented below, we are mainly based on the Wolfenstein approach modernized by Ohlsen. The latter, according to his review, partially summarized this formalism and, in fact, modeled it after that of Wolfenstein.

Further development of the understanding of this physical process came with the introduction of the model of Bleszynski et al. that represented a particular convenient set of observables expressed in terms of linear combinations of the Wolfenstein parameters. These combinations, in principle, can directly relate to individual terms in the effective NN interaction, but only, of course, when they meet clearly formulated model conditions.

Supplement No. 1, attached to the first (theoretical) section, demonstrates specific applications of the model of Bleszinski et al. to experimental and calculated data in the process of scattering.

Supplement No. 2 provides examples demonstrating the influence of density nuclear characteristics on a series of spin observables.

In Supplement No. 3, we consider processes of proton scattering from nuclei, whose structure is usually represented as formations near or at the N = 50 shell closure. We continue difficult research in an area where numerous experimental and theoretical techniques have already been applied. Here we consider possibilities and uncertainties brought by different scattering models.

Such a joint representation should more clearly represent the physical picture of the observed polarization phenomena.

The lectures courses are intended for students studying experimental nuclear physics and engineering. These lectures could be used as a guide to understanding elements of quantum mechanics. Such a guide, in the author’s opinion, can eliminate the existing gap in the available scientific literature.