1. The identity of a serviceman as an object of the commander's managerial activity

2. Methodology for studying the socio-psychological characteristics of military personnel

3. Taking into account socio-psychological characteristics in individual educational work.

The management of military units is inextricably linked with the activities of command personnel to resolve numerous intra - collective problems of a socio-psychological nature. In this regard, when choosing the optimal means of educational influence on subordinate personnel, the commander cannot do without knowledge and constant study of the socio-psychological characteristics of military personnel.

For many years, scientists have been trying to study the causes of people's actions, to learn how to manage their behavior. It is very difficult to understand and predict human activity, but science can help us in some ways. To manage people, you need to get acquainted with the psychology of a person as an object of managerial influence on the part of the manager.

The primary structural element of any social group is the individual. In modern science, there are three main schools that have concentrated the main ideas about it.

According to Sigmund Freud, author of the Theory of Psychoanalysis, the unconscious plays a greater role in shaping human behavior and thinking than conscious processes. They are the defining factors.

In 1901, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov discovered the conditioned reflex, a temporary connection produced in humans under certain conditions. His followers believe that with the help of conditioned reflexes, a person can be taught everything and cultivate in him the necessary qualities that determine his further behavior ("Theory of Learning").

Studying human behavior based on its needs, the American psychologist Abraham Maslow developed the "Theory of Growth". In it, he built a hierarchy of human needs by levels. It does not always correspond to theory in real life, but it is of fundamental importance for the manager, as it can help him understand what unmet needs a given subordinate has, and use them as incentives in his work.

It significantly expands our understanding of personality and facilitates the understanding of modern approaches to the upbringing and training of people and a number of other theories.

So, the meaning of "Field Theory" is that the behavior of a person observed at any moment is a function of the field in which it (behavior) manifests itself. The field is formed by interdependent factors that influence people's behavior: the personality itself, the external environment, and a combination of them. At the same time, the manager needs to remember that it is always easier to change circumstances than personality.

An interesting "Motivation Theory" is based on three factors that influence a person's behavior in a group: the desire for success, the desire for recognition, and the desire for power. This theory can be actively used by the manager for managing subordinates. It requires carefully studying the motives that motivate them to do certain things, do not forget to evaluate the activities of subordinates, give people the opportunity to realize their thoughts, etc.

"Self-consistency Theory" helps managers understand illogical behavior of subordinates. The theory is based on the thesis that the seemingly illogical behavior of a person is logical, from his point of view, and is consistent with his idea of his own personality. After all, a person is designed in such a way that, when receiving negative feedback about his behavior, he most often considers it erroneous and rarely changes his self-esteem. This should be taken into account by managers who carry out the educational process.

Consideration of the personality of a serviceman as an object of the commander's managerial activity would not be complete without determining the social position of the individual in the system of intra-group interaction. So, in accordance with the "Role theory of personality", each person in a social group occupies several positions. Each of them implies certain rights, obligations and claims and is called a social status. An individual has several statuses, and one of them (the most important and integral) determines the position of a person in society. Social status imposes appropriate role requirements on the individual (prescriptions, wishes, and expectations of status-appropriate behavior). These requirements are embodied in specific social norms. It is important that all officials have a common (similar) view of their role and the role of subordinates.

Thus, knowledge of the theoretical foundations of personality psychology and its socio-psychological essence as an object of managerial activity helps the commander to optimize the process of educational work in the unit and unit.

The methodology of studying the socio-psychological characteristics of military personnel is understood as a set of techniques and methods (methods) used in the interests of cognizing subordinates. Their application is carried out in a certain sequence, based on the goals and objectives of personality research.

As the practice of military management activities of a commander shows, the process of studying the socio-psychological characteristics of a serviceman's personality involves a number of independent stages.

All stages of learning are important. However, the quality of the process is primarily determined by the quality of program development. However, a detailed program is more suitable for an in-depth study procedure and is usually applicable for a specialist sociologist or psychologist. The following is a simplified version for the commander of a small unit.

So, the platoon commander (company), taking into account the above, should adhere to the following algorithm for studying the socio-psychological characteristics of a serviceman's personality.

Revealing the main content of the listed stages of studying the socio-psychological characteristics of military personnel, among the most important information about them, we note the following.

General information - the presence of life experience before arriving at the unit (worked, studied, living and living conditions, socio-political activity, education and general cultural level, social activity, etc.).

Orientation and motives of behavior - the dominant motivation in the service, the most important needs, the system of values and ideals, the attitude to military activity and to one's role in the implementation of collective tasks, the level of discipline and personal responsibility for the assigned task, achievements in combat and public-state training, etc.

Relationships with other military personnel - social and psychological role and status in the team, relationships with colleagues and senior commanders, the development of social contacts and connections of a serviceman with other people, satisfaction with his social status and role in the system of intra-collective relations, etc.

Features of character and temperament - the most pronounced character traits, its strength and orientation, features of the manifestation of will, emotions, temperament, prevailing moods, the presence and peculiarity of the manifestation of negative character traits, etc.

Abilities and performance - the specifics of the manifestation of mental and physical abilities, the peculiarities of mastering the military profession and the development of creative thinking, the peculiarities of perception and memory of a serviceman, the level of training and current academic performance in the main disciplines.

Socio-psychological activity - participation in the social life of the unit, interest in collective activities and socio-political life in the country, participation in sports, mass and cultural activities, as well as in the activities of public organizations and associations, etc.

General socio-psychological and pedagogical conclusions - the main advantages and disadvantages of the soldier's personality, their causes and ways of developing the positive in the course of individual educational work, as well as directions and ways of pedagogical influence and socio-psychological correction of the negative aspects of the soldier's personality.

Modern sociological and psychological sciences have a sufficient number of methods for studying the socio-psychological characteristics of a serviceman's personality. They are well-known and tested in practice, and are often used by team personnel to obtain the necessary information in the process of their social and managerial activities.

* In detail about the main methods of studying the individual characteristics of military personnel, see the article "Methods of individual educational work of an ensign with subordinates" / / Orientir. - 1998. - N 3.

Scheme 1

STAGES OF STUDYING PERSONALITY

Stage 1 - Drawing up the program

Stage 2-Defining a specific object of study

Stage 3-Development of the study (analysis)methodology

Stage 4 - Collecting primary information

Stage 5-Qualitative and quantitative processing of the collected data

Stage 6-Explanation of the results obtained, conclusions, practical recommendations

3

Individual educational work is understood as a system of psychological and pedagogical influences in relation to each serviceman, aimed at taking into account his age, social and individual psychological personal characteristics as much as possible in order to fully develop and prepare for successful actions.

Individual approach in the educational work of team personnel is of particular importance today. This is due to radical socio-economic and socio - psychological changes in society, the army and the individual consciousness of military personnel.

Implementing an individual approach to educational work, in each specific case, the commander solves a number of tasks related to the implementation of individual psychological impact on the personality of a serviceman. Among them, the following stand out::

- high-quality planning of individual educational work with subordinates;

- deep and comprehensive study of individual psychological and social characteristics of subordinates;

- organization and implementation of individual educational influence on a serviceman in the course of military activity and within the framework of the military-pedagogical process, taking into account the identified personality traits;

- creation of a system of individual influence on the personality of a serviceman for the purpose of re-education

and its further individual and personal development;

- managing the processes of self-education, self-education and self-development of a serviceman, based on his socio-psychological characteristics;

- checking, evaluating and predicting the results of individual educational work among subordinates, as well as correcting the educational impact depending on the results of social and managerial activities.

Solving these tasks, the commander meets the need for rational accounting and use of information obtained in the process of studying the personality of a subordinate and the peculiarities of the manifestation of the psyche of a particular warrior in various conditions and non-standard situations. So, for example, knowing the socio-psychological profile of a subordinate, his mental characteristics and specifics of responding to external influences, as well as the true needs and motives of a warrior's behavior, the commander can most efficiently use the positive traits and qualities, properties of the subordinate's personality when determining service and combat tasks. This gives the greatest effect when the goals of military activity coincide with the individual and personal interests and needs of military personnel, or when the internal motives of behavior of a particular serviceman related to the satisfaction of personal needs are close to the service and combat tasks being solved.

In the course of individual educational work, as evidenced by military experience and the practice of working with command personnel, it is necessary to take into account not only formal socio-psychological (social status, official position in the unit, educational level, life experience...), but also deep socio-psychological characteristics of the soldier's personality (personality orientation, temperament, character, knowledge skills , abilities, etc.). This is due to the practical application of the abilities of a particular serviceman in certain military positions and is taken into account during the placement of personnel in military specialties, as well as during the implementation of professional psychological selection in the unit, the selection of candidates for military schools, ensign schools and work with contract soldiers.

A win-win, from the point of view of effective practical activity of the commander, is a careful analysis of the attitude of military personnel to their social status in the unit and their social role in the team of colleagues. This timely prevents mistakes in the appointment of junior commanders to leading positions, in choosing the best activity for a particular serviceman, and ensures the effective use of individual strengths and weaknesses in solving collective tasks.

Of course, long-term joint military service helps commanders, even without special socio-psychological research, to determine the properties and qualities that are necessary for military personnel to perform effectively. However, in any case, when choosing the optimal forms, methods and techniques of individual educational work, it is necessary to show as much attention as possible to each soldier, take into account his needs and requests, combine the tasks of education with the interests of military service.

Colonel Mikhail ZAKARLYUK, Candidate of Social Sciences, Professor of the Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines of the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Permanent link to this publication: