NORTHERN BORDERS OF EARLY MEDIEVAL AZERBAIJAN ACCORDING TO ARMENIAN AND ARAB-MUSLIM SOURCES 1

The article aims to study the administrative and political map of the South-Eastern Caucasus and North-Western Iran in the era of Sasanian Iran (227-651) and the Arab Caliphate (632-1258) on the basis of information from the ancient Armenian (V-XIII) and Arab-Muslim (IX-XIII) geographical and historical literature, mainly to clarify northern regions and borders of early medieval Azerbaijan (III-IX)2.

Keywords: Iranian Azerbaijan, Caucasian Bush of Sasanian Iran, Iranian Marzbanstvo of Aderbaygan, Northern Vilayet of the Arab Caliphate, Arab province of Adzarbayjan.

In the full edition of the Ancient Armenian geography "Ashkharatsuyts" (lit. "Showing the world")3 we find Eranshahr (Iran) divided into four bushes (cf. Persian, kust / ag/, lit. side, meaning viceroyalty): Khorasan (Khorbaran) in the west, Nmroj

1 This work was funded by the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for state support of young Russian scientists - Doctors of Sciences MD-1664.2012.6, project: "Russian Academy of Science and National Geography of the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and the Armenian Highlands".

2 The name of the country "Azerbaijan" is an Arabized form of the srsdnepsrsi toponym or it goes back to the Parthian (other-Greek ufsprbfznz, wed-Greek udsbvygnshn, etc. - arm. this, in turn, goes back to the name of the last Achaemsnid satrap of Media, Atropates (other-Persian. who, after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, declared himself an independent king in the north of Media. Descendants of Atropates with the Persian title ("king") They ruled here until 6 BC. Then the Arsacids, who ruled in the Parthian empire (247/238 BC-224/227 AD), elevated a representative of their dynasty to the throne in Aturpatakans, and in 78 AD annexed this kingdom. When the Sassanids came to power in Iran in 227 AD, the marzban (military border region)was formed under the name Aderbaygan.

3 Ashkharatsuyts is the oldest written monument of the Armenian geographical school, the author of which is either the" father of Armenian historiography " Movss Khorsnatsi (V century), or the Armenian mathematician and astronomer Anania Shirakatsi (VII century).

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(Nemroz) in the south, Khorasan in the east and Kapkoh in the mountains (East) The Caucasus, i.e. in the north [Alkhaghas 'ous', 2003, p. 2157] 4.

The same four bushes are described by the anonymous author of "Shahrestanikha-yi Eran (shahr)" (lit. "Provincial capitals of Iran", the first half of the 7th century), which belonged to the Sasanian school of geography, with the difference that it refers to the bush on the northern side by the term "Adurbadagan" [2010, pp. 112-116, 116-125].

4 In the vssm Eranshahrs (Iran), the Armenian author counts 67 regions, thirteen of which are located in the Kapkohs (Caucasus) that we are interested in.

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The Arabic-speaking Persian ad-Dinawari (d. c. 895) claims that this is King Kisra (Khosrow) I (531-579)."..He divided the country into four quarters, and each of them was ruled by a single ruler" [Abu Hanifa ad-Dinaweri, 1888, p. 69]. However, in the multi-volume chronicle of another Arabic-speaking Persian, at-Tabari (838-923), when Kisra (Khosrow) ascended the throne, he only "sent letters to the four Fadzufans who ruled the four sides of Fars." It also says about the appointment of one isbakhbadz to each bush along with the fadzufans (cf. Persian ), i.e. governors (cf.Persian). - the head of the army [Annates..., 1879-1898, p. 892-894]. Consequently, such an administrative division of Sasanian Iran took place long before the reign of Khosrow I, and under him, apparently, only the separation of military power from civil power took place. 5
The bushes were divided into marzbans and shahrs. It has long been established in historical science that Persian Armenia, the countries of the South Caucasus (Albania and Iberia), and Aderbaygan under the Sassanids as separate marzbanstvom were part of the Caucasian Bush with the center in Gandzak [Christensen, 1944, p.370; Ocherki..., 1958, p. 219].

According to Ashkharatsuyts, the Kapkoh bush (Caucasian bush) consisted of ten ashkhars (shahrs): "Atrpatakan, Rre, Gelan, Mukan, Dilumnn, Ahmadan, Dambwar, Taparastan, Amol, Rruan < ... > (On. - A. S.) has many cities; (the largest. - A. S.) among which is Gandzak-shahastan "[Ayhaghas'ous', 2003, p. 2173-2174]. However, in the full version of this geographical monument, we read the following:: "Kusti Kapkoh... It consists of thirteen ashkharkhs: Atrapatakan, Armn (i.e.) Hayk, Varjan, (i.e. Virk), Rran, (i.e. Aluank), Balasakan, Sisakan, Arre, Gelan, Shantshan, Dlmunk, Dmbavand, Tapristan, Rrvan and Aml "[Abkharhas 'ous', 2003, p. 2157]7.

A comparison of both variants reveals the absence in the short version of Ashkharatsuyts of all Christian countries and regions that make up the Caucasus Bush, namely: Armn/Hayk (Armenia), Varjan/Virk (Iberia), Rran/Aluank (Albania), Sisakan and Balasakan 8. At the same time, it explicitly states that Greater Armenia is not part of this viceroyalty, but only borders it in the west. Finally, this short version mentions only one of the three largest lakes in the Armenian Highlands - Kaputan (Urmia), whose southeastern coast belonged to the Iranian marzbanstvo of Aderbaygan.

In my opinion, it follows from all the above that the Caucasus Bush existed long before 81.6% of the territory of the Kingdom of Great Armenia and the neighboring Christian states of the South Caucasus (Albania and Iberia) were completely incorporated into Sasanian Iran in 387 (Shahinyan, 2011, pp. 44-45). Perhaps this happened at the earliest stage of the formation of the Sasanian state. Initially, it consisted of only one marzban, Aderbaygan, with its center in Gandzak, where the Western Iranian ethnic element, professing Zoroastrianism, mainly dominated [Aliev, 1989, pp. 5-43, 116-130; Kasumova, 1993, pp. 37-48, 83-100]. Therefore, the Kapkoh bush in "Shahrestanikha-yi Eran(shahr)" is designated as Aderbaygan, and on the walls of the Caucasian Sasanian outpost, Derbent, one can find the inscription of Marzban Adurbadagan Barzinsh, dated 553 (Pakhomov, 1929, p. 29). Finally, therefore," the father of the Arab-Muslim geographical school " Ibn Khurdadbih 9

5 It is interesting to note that in the chapters unpublished in the classical edition of Ibn al-Faqih (the turn of the tenth century), there are stories where this Arabic-speaking geographer refers to the Persian authors who represented the whole world divided into four parts, one of which was Persia (Iran) [Ibn al-Faqih, 1979, pp. 70-71].

6 was located to the south-east of the lake. Urmia.

7 The text says that it consisted of thirteen shahrs, but for some reason fourteen are listed. Selecting Sisakans/As I will show below, the separation of Syunik from the Marzban of Armenia took place in 571.

8 In the same order, these Christian countries and regions of the Caucasian Bush are listed in the Syriac Chronicle of Zechariah the Rhetorician, or Mitron, dating from the 560s [Chronicle..., 2000, pp. 567-568].

9 In the Russian-language tradition of Ibn Khordadbsh. See: [Ibn Khordadbsh, 1986].

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(c. 820-912 / 3) in 885 wrote: "... and isbakhbadz of the north (i.e. Kapkokha - A. Sh.) in the time of the Persians (i.e. Sasanids-A. Sh.) was called 'Adzarbadzan isbakhbadz' "[BGA, VIa, 1889, p. 118]10.

By combining the newly conquered Christian countries, Persian Armenia, Albania, and Iberia with the Zoroastrian Aderbaygan [11] into a single Caucasian bush, the Sasanian authorities could pursue not only military and political goals [12]. Already in the middle of the fifth century. they first tried to spread the state religion - Zoroastrianism-among the Christian peoples of the Caucasian Bush-Armenians, Albanians and Iberians (for more details, see: [Yuzbashyan, 2001, pp. 44-91]).

After the final elimination by the Sassanids of the institution of tsarist power in Persian Armenia in 428, not all of its eastern regions became part of the newly created Marzbanstvo of Armenia with its center in Dvina. In the full edition of Ashkharatsuyts, articles on the south-eastern regions of Greater Armenia, Persarmenia 13 and Paytakaran 14, state that they are now part of the Atrpatakan (Aderbaygan) marzbanstvo (Aykhaghas ' ous, 2003, p. 2153). At the same time, articles on two other great Armenian regions located in the north-east of the country, between the Araks and Kura rivers, Artsakh and Utik, say that they are now part of the Aluank (Albania) marzbanstvo (Alhaghas 'ous, 2003, p.2153, 2172).

The northern territories and borders of Aderbaygan Marzban were last expanded in 571 at the expense of the Great Armenian province of Syunik. According to an Armenian bishop and historian of the mid-seventh century. Sebeosa,"...in the 41st year of Khosrov <...> Vakhan, the ruler of the Syunik region, rebelled and separated from the Armenians, asking the Persian king Khosrov to move the archives of the Syunik region from Dvin to the city of Paytakaran and add them to the borders of Atrpatakan, so that the name of the Armenians would be removed from them. The order (here. A. Sh.) was carried out" [History of Sebeos, 1979, pp. 67-68].

I believe that the entry of Syunik into Aderbaygan automatically led to the inclusion of three eastern gavars (districts) of the Great Armenian province of Vaspurakan, located on the right bank of the Middle Araks: Bak(r)an/Maranda, Gabitean and Parspatunik. Although the ancient Armenian authors do not write anything on this subject, their geographical position between the Great Armenian region of Syunik and the marzban of Aderbaygan required it. Moreover, according to an Armenian historian originally from Utik (Right-bank Albania) The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610-641), during his Persian campaign in 623, had to "...cross the Yeraskh River from (Persian. - A. Sh.) Armenia 15<...> in order to direct their raids in the country of Atrpatakan... "[History of the country of Aluank, 1860, p. 102].

Unfortunately, there is no detailed description of the territories and borders of Aderbaygan marzban in Ashkharatsuyts. But there is article 26, which describes in detail the territories and borders of the marzbanstvo of Albania: "Albania, that is, Aluank, (located. - A. Sh.) to the east of Iveria, borders (in the north. - A. Sh.) with Sarmatia along the Caucasus (ridge. - A. Sh), washed (in the east. - A. Sh.) The Caspian Sea and borders (in the south-west. - A. Sh.) with (Persian. - A. Sh.) Armenia along the Kura River <...> As part of (Albania. - A. Sh.)

10 The same thing is repeated almost verbatim by the famous Arabic-speaking historian and geographer from Khorasan al-Ya'qubi (d. 897) [Ibn Wadhih..., 1883, p. 203-204]).

11 Zoroastrianism in Adsrbaygan took deep roots in ancient times; it was in Gandzaks under the Sassanids that the main sanctuary of fire was located, which, according to legend, was built by Zoroaster himself.

12 They consisted in organizing the security of the north-western borders from the invasions of the North Caucasian nomads: Khazars, Huns and Alans.

13 According to "Ashkharatsuyts", the Psr Army with the cities of Har and Ormi occupied the territory between the Kotur-Zagros ridge and the western coast of Lake Baikal. Kaputan (Urmia).

14 According to "Ashkharatsuyts", Paytakaran with the cities of Vardanaksrt and Bagavan was located on the right bank of the Lower Araks and Lower Kura, washed by the waters of the Khazar (Caspian) Sea.

15 Arake River.

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The next gavars are: Yekhni, Bekh, Kambechan, Shake, Ostan and Marzpan, Dasht and Balasakan. In addition, it includes the Gavars that were cut off from Armenia: Shikashen, Gardman, Kolt, Zave, and a total of twenty gavars (Artsakh and Utica) located between the Araks and Kura rivers "[Abxarhac'oyc', 2003, p. 2171].
Thus, the south-western borders of the Albania Marzban were expanded at the expense of the Great Armenian regions of Artsakh and Utik. Here, on the right bank of the Kura River, in the city of Partav, according to Movses Kalankatuatsi, due to frequent Khazar raids at the beginning of the Armenian calendar (i.e. after July 11, 551), the residence of both (marzban) and Catholicos Aluank (Albania) was moved from Chola (on the shore of the Caspian Sea) [History Aluank Countries, 1860, p. 91].

Thus, the Marzban of Albania occupied a fairly wide area between the eastern tip of the Main Caucasian Ridge in the north and the lower reaches of the Araks and Kura Rivers in the south. It basically corresponds to the territory of the modern Azerbaijan Republic16.

Aderbaygan marzbanery occupied the territory south of Albania - the territory of the present-day four stops of the Islamic Republic of Iran-West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. The border between the two marzbanstvom passed along the lower reaches of the Araks and Kura. After the incorporation of Syunik into Aderbaygan in 571, the western section of the border between these marzbanstv was supposed to fall on the Sevan and Artsakh ranges.17
Under the blows of the Arab conquerors, the Sassanid dynasty fell in 651. At the same time, according to Sebeos, "...(region. - A. III.) Syunik... which was attached to Atrpatakan until the time when the kingdom of the Persians ceased and the Ismailis took possession of it, was reunited with Armenia "[History of Sebeos, 1979, p. 175]. Thus, the border between Aderbaygan and Albania after 651 was fully restored as of 571, but it was no longer an administrative border between the two marzbanties, but a state one.

The Iranian marzbanates of Aderbaygan and Albania, according to the Arabic-speaking historian al-Baladzuri (d. 892), were conquered by the Arabs in different periods. Azarbaijan (Aderbaygan) It was conquered as early as 22 AD (642/643) [Liber..., 1866, p. 325-326], while the conquest of Albania, along with Great Armenia and Iberia, was delayed until 701 AD...as soon as the Arabs conquered Azarbaijan, many of their tribes rushed there." The settlers were also instructed to "... convert its population to Islam " [Liber..., 1866, p. 329, 328].

Medieval Arab-Muslim historiography attributes the Caliph 'Abd al-Malik (685-705) a series of reforms, including administrative reform. Even under the first caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty (661-750), a system of nine governorates was established (Arab. [vilayet]). But as a result of the reforms of the turn of the VIII century. they were grouped into five large ones, each of which in turn consisted of several provinces (Arab. [chicken] or [chicken]).

The Third, or Northern 19, governorate of interest included the province of Arminia (Arab. with its center in Dabil (Dvina), consisting of most of the territory of Greater Armenia-Arminia, as well as Albania-Arran (Arab. and Iberia-Jurzana (Arabic. in its entirety. It also included provinces

16 On the territory and borders of the Albanian Marzbanstvo, see also: [Hakobyan, 1987, pp. 109-124]

17 Until 571, these two ridges formed the border between the Marzban states of Armenia and Albania. Currently, the state border of the Republic of Armenia with the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic stretches along them.

18 For decades, autonomous Christian principalities existed within the former Iranian marzbanates of Armenia, Albania, and Iberia (for more details, see [Shahinyan, 2003, p.67-106]).

19 In the writings of ninth-century Arab writers (Ibn Khurdadbih and al-Ia'qubi) , this governorship is referred to by the Syriac term "al-Jarbi" (lit. "North") [BGA, VIa, 1889, p. 118; VIIb, 1892, p. 290].

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Azarbaijan (Arabic. centered in Maragha and Al Jazeera (Arabic. in Upper Mesopotamia with the center in Mosul [Shahinyan, 2008, p. 68-85, Shahinyan, 2010, p. 319-328, Shahinyan, 2011, p. 338-357]. Thus, the Arab vilayet basically duplicated the territory and administrative boundaries of the Caucasian Bush of Sasanian Iran.

So, as part of the Northern Vilayet of the Arab Caliphate, the territory of the former Iranian marzbanstvo of Adurbadagan formed an independent province under the Arabized name of Azarbaijan with the center in Maragha. The territory of the former Marzban of Albania under the Arabized name Arran with the center in Barda (Partav) was included in the adjacent province of Arminia.

Arab-Muslim sources have preserved a lot of information about the territories and borders of both provinces of the Northern Vilayet that we are interested in. Since I have explored the territories and borders of Arminiya province in the above-mentioned works, I will focus in more detail on the province of Azarbaijan.

The Arab geographer and traveler al-Istakhri (d. 951/952) describes its borders in some detail: "A mountain range that stretched to the extreme limit of Tarma and to Zanjan. Then it touches the extreme limits of Dinavar, then stretches beyond Khulvan and Shahrazur until it approaches the Dijla (Tiger. - A. Sh.), and then surrounds the limits (provinces. - A. Sh.) of Arminia" [BGA, I, 1870, p. 180-181]. In a compilatory geographical anthology prepared around 290 AH (902/3) by another Arab geographer Ibn al-Faqih, the northern limits of Adzarbaijan are specified: "The borders of Adzarbaijan (in the north. - A. Sh.) pass along the (river. - A. Sh.) ar-Ras 20... " [BGA, V, 1885, p. 296].

Ibn Khurdadbih has preserved for us a complete list of the cities of Azarbaijan: Ardabil, Bajarvan (Bagavan), Balvankirj, Barza, Barzand 21, Varsan (Vardanakert), Jabravan, Janza (Gandzak), Kulsara, al-Mayanij, Marand, Mukan, Nariz, Saburhast, Salmas (t)22, Sisar, Tabriz, Urmiyyah( Ormi), Khuvayy (Har), Khunaj and ash-Shiz [BGA, VIa, 1889, p. 119-120]. In addition, he stressed that the city "...Varsan 23 is the most extreme point of Azarbaijan...".

A similar complete list of cities in the province of Adzarbaijan with a brief description of them can be found in the" Book of Conquests of Countries "by the historian al-Balazuri, in the section" Conquest of Adzarbaijan " [Liber..., 1866, p. 325-331]. The largest cities of the province of Azarbaijan are listed by Arab geographers of the 10th century. Qudams and Ibn Rusty [BGA, VIb, 1889, p. 244; VIIa, 1892, p. 106].

The list of these cities shows that the south-eastern regions of historical Greater Armenia-Persarmenia and Paytakaran - and the three eastern gavars of the Vaspurakan region, which were located on the right bank of the Middle Araks, were still part of the Arab province of Adzarbaijan. It is interesting to note that the Arab historian al-Kufi (d. 926) preserved a brief report that to some extent sheds light on the ethnic picture of these regions at the turn of the IX-X centuries. According to him, the governor of the North, Marwan ibn Muhammad (693-710), in 123 AH (740/1), during his campaign against Mukan and the (Caspian) province of Jilan, "...subjugated the whole of Adzarbaijan-the lands where Armenians still live... " [Kitabu'l..., 1389-1395 A. N. / 1969-1976 A.D., p. 82]. According to the Arab geographer and traveler al-Muqaddasi (946/7-ca. 1000), I will mention-

20 It is also the Arake River.

21 Emerged under the Arab rule a little south of the confluence of the Kura and Lorax rivers, i.e. within the historical pan-Armenian region of Paytakaran.

22 Originated under Arab rule northwest of the coast of Lake Baikal. Urmia, i.e. within the historical region of Persarmenia.

23 Varsan city, historical Vardanakert-the center of the eponymous gavar in the Paytakaran region. It was located on the right bank of the lower Araks River (Akhaghas ' ous, 2003, p. 2153, 2172).

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In the list of cities of Azarbaijan, "Barzand is an insignificant trading city of Armenians..." [BGA, III, 1877, p. 378]. Thus, the autochthonous Armenian population in these lands included in the composition of Azarbaijan at least up to the middle of the 10th century. it remained an ethnic majority.

The list of cities of Azarbaijan also shows that the borders of this Arab province duplicated the borders of the Iranian marzbanstvo of Aderbaygan, and on the modern administrative and political map of the Islamic Republic of Iran, its territory corresponds to the four cities listed above.

Despite the rich knowledge of Arab-Muslim geographical and historical literature, the famous Soviet orientalist-Arabist Z. M. Buniyatov in his monograph "Azerbaijan in the VII-IX centuries" referred to Azerbaijan exclusively as the Arab province of Azarbaijan (located to the south of the Lower Araks and Lower Kura) or included the territory of Albania (located to the south of the Lower Araks and Lower Kura). north of Lower Araks and Lower Kura). He wrote: "Although Aran was part of Azerbaijan at certain times..." [Buniyatov, 1965, p.143]. At what "certain times" Albania was part of the Arab Azerbaijan, the scientist did not specify. Another well-known orientalist, N. M. Velikhanov, in the comments and notes to his translation of Ibn Khordadbeh (Ibn Khurdadbeh) notes:: "By Azarbaijan [Azerbaijan] Ibn Khordadbeh, like most Arab geographers, means the territory of the southern part of Azerbaijan" [Velikhanov, 1986, p. 289], meaning the territory of Arab Arran under the northern part of Azerbaijan.

It has long been established in Oriental studies that the Arab Caliphate from 22-276 AD (642/3-889/9024) consisted of one administrative unit called "Azarbaijan", which roughly covers the borders of the four stops of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

It is also established that Albania under the Arabs was part of the neighboring province of Arminiya (701-886), 25 and had nothing in common administratively and politically with the province of Azarbaijan. 26 The Arab geographer and traveler Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179-1229) later wrote in his geographical dictionary 27: "A river flows between Azerbaijan and Arran under the name Arras [Arak]. Everything to the west and north of this river belongs to Arran, and everything to the east and south of it belongs to Azerbaijan "(Yaqut al-Hamawi, 1983, p. 10).

Z. M. Buniyatov wrote about the Northern Vilayet: "The Arabs often united three countries - Azerbaijan, Aran and Armenia - into one administrative unit and formed one viceroyalty, sometimes called "Arminiyya" and sometimes "Azerbaijan""

24 As a result of the collapse of the Arab Caliphate at the end of the ninth century, power within the province of Azarbaijan in 276 AH (889/890) fell to the emirs of the Sajid dynasty, which was descended from the Central Asian Turkic emirs of Usrushana. The residence of the rulers of the Sajid autonomous emirate (889-929) was located in Ardsbils (Buniyatov, 1965, pp. 205-222).

25 Arminiya province de facto ceased to exist in the 860s, when the independent Arab-Muslim emirates of Shirvan (Mazyadids, 799-1027) and Bab al-Abwab (Hashimids, 869-1077) were formed in its Caspian regions, and the Grand Duchy of Armenia (826) received significant autonomy. However, the de jure province of Arminiya was preserved until 886, when the Caliph al-Mu'tamid (870-892) was forced to recognize the independent kingdom of the Armenian Bagratids (886-1045) (for more details, see [Shahinyan, 2009, pp. 213-223]).

26 It had nothing in common with early Soviet Azerbaijan, both ethnically and confessionally. In contrast, where the dominant ethnic group was mainly the Western Iranian ethnic group, which professed Zoroastrianism, and converted to Islam under Arab rule, the dominant ethnic group in Albania (on the left bank of the Kura River) was the Eastern Caucasian ethnic group, which professed Christianity from the beginning of the fourth century and was only partially Islamized under the Arabs from the end of the eighth century. A direct descendant of the Caucasian Albanians is the small Udin people, who live compactly in the north of the Republic of Azerbaijan and profess Armenian Christianity, i.e. the official dogma of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

27 The co-author of the Russian translation of this dictionary is Academician Z. M. Buniyatov himself.

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[Buniyatov, 1965, p. 142]. Yes, the caliphal power, as mentioned above, united these and other parts of the region into a single vilayet of the North. However, both Arminiya and Azarbaijan were independent administrative divisions (provinces) within its composition with clearly defined borders.

Z. M. Buniyatov came to a fair conclusion that "under the Abbasids, especially during the reign of Harun ar-Rashid, both Azerbaijan and Aran were vilayets that had firmly established borders" (Buniyatov, 1965, p. 144). The only but very important point on my part is that Albania was part of Arminia. In administrative terms, it has never (under the conditions of Arab power) been recognized as equal to provinces (for example, Arminiya or Azarbaijan).

In my research, I have shown that the province of Arminia consisted of three administrative divisions. One of them under the numbering "Arminiya II" with the center in Barda (Partav) completely occupied the territory of the former marzbanstvo of Albania. In addition, according to Arab-Muslim historians, geographers and travelers, it included as-Sisajan (Sisakan)./Syunik). As mentioned above, this great Armenian region was included in the Aderbaygan marzban from 571 to 651. In Arminia II, it could have ended up in 186 arm. eras (737/8) (for more information about the territory and borders of Arminia II, see [Shahinyan, 2008, pp. 68-85, Shahinyan, 2010, pp. 319-328, Shahinyan, 2011, pp. 338-357]).

Thus, the northern territories of early medieval Iranian-speaking Azerbaijan-Zoroastrian under Iranian rule and Islamic under Arab rule-were the Great Armenian regions of Persarmenia and Paytakaran, as well as the three eastern gavars of the Vaspurakan region, located south of the middle Arax. Thus, the northern borders of Azerbaijan were limited to the lower reaches of the Araks and Kura rivers. The only exception was the period from 571 to 651, when the Great Armenian province of Syunik was temporarily part of the Aderbaygan marzban. To the north of these rivers, within the Southeastern Caucasus and between the Araks and Kura rivers, Christian Albania was located, inhabited mainly by East Caucasian tribes on the left bank of the Kura River and Indo-European Armenians on the right bank.28
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BGA - Bibliotheka Geographorum Arahicorum / Ed. М. dc Gocjc. Lugduni Batavorum.

list of literature

I. Aliyev. An essay on the history of Atropatene. Baku: Azerbaijan State Publishing House, 1989.

Akopyan A. Albania-Aluank in Greek-Latin and Ancient Armenian sources. Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1987.

Buniyatov Z. M. Azerbaijan in the VII-IX centuries. Baku: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1965.

Vslikhanova N. M. Vvedenie v izucheniyu pamyatnika [Introduction to the study of the monument]. The Book of Paths and Countries. Baku: Elm Publ., 1986.

Ibn al-Faqih. Some unpublished chapters of Ibn al-Faqih's Akhbar al-Buldan (News of Countries) Based on the Mashhad Chronicle / Translated by A. Zhamkochyan. Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1979.

Ibn Khordadbsh. Kniga putei i stran [The Book of Paths and Countries]. Translated from Arabic by N. M. Vslikhanova. Baku: Elm Publ., 1986.

Iakut al-Hamawi. Mu'jam al-Buldan (Information about Azerbaijan) / Translated by 3. Buniyatova and P. Zhuzs. Baku: Elm Publ., 1983.

Kasumova S. Azerbaijan in the III-V1I centuries: (Ethno-cultural and socio-economic history). Baku: Elm Publ., 1993.

Essays on the history of the USSR. The crisis of the slave-owning system and the emergence of feudalism on the territory of the USSR (III-IX centuries). Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958.

28 According to al-Istakhri, "the road from Bardza'a to Dabil passes through the lands of the Armenians..." [BGA, I, 1870, p.194].

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Pakhomov E. Pahlavi inscriptions of the Dsrbsnd / / Proceedings of the Society for Survey and Study of Azerbaijan , No. 8, Issue V. Baku, 1929.

Chronicle of Zacharias the Rhetorician / Psr. N. Pigulevskaya / / Pigulevskaya N. Syriac medieval Historiography (research and translations). St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin Publishing House, 2000.

Shahinyan A. Armenia and the countries of the South Caucasus in the conditions of the Byzantine-Iranian and Arab power. St. Petersburg: Alsteya. Series " Byzantine Library. Research", 2003.

Shaginyan A. Armenia on the Eve of the Arab Conquest, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press, 2003.

Shahinyan A. The system of administrative division and administration of the Arab Caliphate in Armenia and Arminia // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Moscow University]. Ser. 13. Vostokovedenie [Oriental Studies]. 2008, № 3.

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