In 2007, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrates its anniversary. Fifty years ago, Academician Mikhail A. Lavrentiev and the "founding fathers" who came to Siberia with him - a group of outstanding Russian scientists - created a unique structure of the commonwealth of sciences. A world-class research center was built almost from scratch in the taiga near Novosibirsk. Just a few years after the foundations of the first research institutes were laid, the brilliant discoveries of Siberian scientists became widely known in the world scientific community. Soon the unique "Lavrentiev triangle" was launched, where a multidisciplinary approach to scientific research, integration of science and education, and rapid implementation of scientific achievements in production were put at the forefront.

Archeology also became part of the community of sciences that developed in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk. At its origins in the Siberian branch was an outstanding scientist and organizer of science Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov, who came at the request of M. A. Lavrentiev from Leningrad. Over the past years, the team of archaeologists of the Siberian Branch has established itself as one of the leading ones in the country and in the world scientific community, both in terms of the significance of outstanding discoveries and the level of organization of scientific research.

The formation of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography in the system of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (until 1991 - the Academy of Sciences (AS) of the USSR) is closely connected with the history of the development of academic humanities in Siberia. The first step in this direction was the creation at the end of 1958 of a Permanent Commission attached to the Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which formally assigned departmental academic status to humanitarians. Later, the Permanent Commission was transformed into the industrial History Sector at the Institute of Economics and Industrial Production Organization of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1965 this temporary structural unit grew into an independent scientific division - the Department of Humanities Research, which united specialists in archeology, history, philology and philosophy. In 1966, the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy (IIFiF) of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established in the Novosibirsk Scientific Center, which soon became the main institution of the humanities profile in the structure of Siberian academic science.

Major scientific achievements of the Institute were largely due to the organizational talent of its first director, an outstanding archaeologist and historian Academician A. P. Okladnikov, who played a crucial role in the formation and development of academic humanities in the east of the country, as well as in the study of Asian antiquities. In the institute he organized, archeology was represented by the largest department, which consisted of young specialists at that time - students of Alexey Pavlovich -

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1. Academician A. P. Okladnikov on an expedition to Transbaikalia. Field season 1977

R. S. Vasilevsky, A. P. Derevyanko, E. I. Derevyanko, V. E. Larichev. Gradually, the department was replenished with young specialists, graduates of the Faculty of Humanities of Novosibirsk State University (NSU) and other universities in Siberia. Among them are I. V. Aseev, V. V. Burilov, S. V. Glinsky, A. K. Konopatsky, V. D. Kubarev, A. I. Mazin, V. E. Medvedev, V. I. Molodin, Yu. S. Khudyakov and others. The lack of personnel was compensated by intense long-term work in expeditions.

A. P. Okladnikov had bright features of a leader and exceptionally high scientific authority. He combined a passionate passion for what he loved and the power of personal charm, a broad scientific outlook and an extraordinary research intuition, originality of thinking and an extraordinary manner of presentation, sharp scientific polemics and wise tolerance, boundless generosity in the dissemination of scientific ideas and well-thought-out rationalism in the organization of science.

A. P. Okladnikov's research interests included the study of almost all periods of human society development-from the Early Stone Age to the late Middle Ages and Modern Times (see: [Okladnikov Alexey Pavlovich, 1981]). He worked fruitfully on various fundamental problems of the cultural and historical process: the original human settlement and spread of Paleolithic traditions on the territory of the Asian continent, the oldest cultural ties between Asia and America and determining the ways of the first Americans ' exodus, the origin of art and the development of ancient artistic creativity, the ethnogenesis and early history of indigenous Siberian and Far Eastern peoples, their entry into the Russian state, the formation of Russian culture in Siberia, etc.

Large-scale field research was an integral part of A. P. Okladnikov's scientific activity. In various regions of North and Central Asia, they discovered and studied unique cave sites and primitive settlements, ancient burials and rock carvings. Many of A. P. Okladnikov's studies are among the outstanding achievements of Russian and world archaeology. His brilliant discoveries were based on the intuition of a talented scientist and the rich expedition experience of a field researcher. In dozens of books and hundreds of articles, A. P. Okladnikov presents original materials obtained during numerous expeditions over a vast territory from the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to the northwestern edge of America. The geography of his Siberian expeditions covers the Ob, Angara and Lena basins, Altai, Transbaikalia, Yakutia, Kolyma and the Arctic Ocean Islands. In the Far East, field operations were deployed in most areas of the Amur Region and Primorye, on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands.

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2. Academician A. P. Okladnikov and his students A. P. Derevyanko and B. S. Sapunov inspect Early Paleolithic finds from the Filimoshki locality on the Zeya River.

In the western sector of Central Asia, he conducted archaeological research on the territory of almost all the former Central Asian republics, for many years led a comprehensive historical and cultural expedition in Mongolia, and led the first joint Russian-American research in the history of Russian archeology in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, as well as in Cuba.

Thanks to the enthusiasm and dedicated work of the Institute's staff and their leader, serious progress was already made in the study of the ancient and medieval history of North, Central and East Asia in the 1970s and 1980s. An important achievement was the publication of the first "archaeological" volume of the five-volume History of Siberia [1968], which was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1973. Over the years, the Institute's staff has eliminated a number of blank spots on the archaeological map of Siberia and the Far East. Thus, for the territory of the Amur region and Primorye, historical and cultural processes were reconstructed at the beginning of the Holocene, their periodization and chronology were developed ([Derevyanko A. P., 1970], this work was awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize in 1972), as well as in the Iron Age [Derevyanko A. P., 1973, 1976] and the Middle Ages [Derevyanko E. P., 1970]. I., 1975; Medvedev, 1977]. Significant gaps in the historical past of the far north-east of Asia (Vasilevsky, 1971) and Sakhalin (Vasilevsky and Golubev, 1976), the Baikal Region and Transbaikalia (Aseev, 1980; Konopatsky, 1982) are closed. A chronostratigraphy was developed for the previously almost unknown forest-steppe part of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve-the Baraba forest-steppe (Molodin, 1977,1985; Molodin, Sobolev, and Solov'ev, 1990; Polosmak, 1987; Elagin and Molodin, 1991; Baraba..., 1988). In the south of Gorny Altai, a complex of funerary monuments of the Pazyryk culture containing unique highly artistic objects made of organic materials was discovered and studied [Kubarev V. D., 1987]. Serious results have been achieved in the field of studying ancient weapons, which is largely fundamental for reconstructing the social organization of society and solving chronological issues [Khudyakov, 1986; Derevyanko E. I., 1987; Solovyov, 1987]. The specialists formed at the Institute on this subject occupy leading positions in the domestic weapons science.

A. P. Okladnikov paid special attention to the study of the Stone Age, primarily to the problems of ancient archeology (see [Okladnikov, 2003]). For the study of the initial stages of human exploration of Asia and the development of Paleolithic culture here, he considered the justification of criteria for dividing the primitive ecumene in the Early Paleolithic era into western and eastern ones to be the most significant.

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cultural zones, search for the origins of Middle Paleolithic traditions and determine the boundaries of their distribution in the eastern direction, find out the nature of cultural and typological differentiation and transformation of Siberian Upper Paleolithic cultures, identify the ways and rates of human penetration to the American continent from Northeast Asia.

Another scientific direction that aroused the greatest interest of A. P. Okladnikov was the study of primitive art. The discoveries of the scientist in this area have made significant adjustments to the ideas about the distribution of rock carvings, monuments of ancient monumental art and samples of fine plastics in the central, northern and eastern regions of Asia. In the works devoted to the origin and development of early visual activity, A. P. Okladnikov comprehensively substantiated the chronology and periodization of ancient images, analyzed in detail the features of styles, the semantics of images, assessed the importance of primitive art for understanding ancient cultural and historical processes, its place in the history of culture. on the search, recording, and study of rock art monuments in the Altai (Okladnikov et al., 1979), Mongolia (Okladnikov, 1981), Transbaikalia (Okladnikov and Zaporozhskaya, 1969, 1970), and the Tom River valleys (Okladnikov and Martynov, 1972), Angara (Okladnikov, 1966), and Lena [Okladnikov, 1977], the Amur River [Okladnikov, 1971], and also on Lake Baikal [Okladnikov, 1974]. A significant contribution to the development of this direction was made by his students and followers: A. I. Mazin investigated sanctuaries semantically associated with scribes in remote areas of Eastern Siberia [1986, 1994]; V. T. Petrin made a brilliant discovery of Paleolithic painting in the Ignatievskaya Cave in the Urals [1992, 1997]; V. D. Kubarev studied monumental sculpture of the Early Scythian period. and ancient Turkic times in the Altai territory [1979, 1984].

A special area that was born at the Institute and was further developed under the leadership of V. E. Larichev was archaeological Oriental studies. In this direction, fundamental works were prepared on the historiography of the Paleolithic of Northern Asia [Larichev, 1969,1972], the problems of studying the archeology of China [Kashina, 1977; Komissarov, 1988], and the study of written sources on the medieval history of China [Malyavkin, 1974]. Since 1972, the series "History and Culture of the Peoples of Asia" has been published, which today has more than 30 volumes - monographs and collections of articles on the problems of archeology of North, Central and East Asia.

A. P. Okladnikov showed constant concern for the development of all humanitarian areas of Siberian science and the education of new generations of scientific personnel. He was one of the founders of the Faculty of Humanities of NSU, and for a long time headed the Department of General History. Dozens of his students, candidates and doctors of sciences, work in academic institutions, higher educational institutions, local history museums and cultural heritage protection bodies. Thanks to their field research and fundamental scientific developments, a modern understanding of the most ancient, ancient and medieval cultures of Siberia, the Far East and neighboring regions of Asia is formed.

In 1983, after the death of A. P. Okladnikov, the Institute was headed by a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, later an academician, A. P. Derevyanko. On his initiative in 1990. IIFiF was reorganized into the Joint Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy. It was a kind of scientific confederation of humanities institutes that united the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, the Institute of History, the Institute of Philology, and the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2001, the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences became an independent scientific institution. Today it is one of the leading research institutes of the humanities profile in the country, widely known for its scientific achievements in Russia and abroad. Its research structure includes five departments: Stone Age archaeology, paleometal, ethnography, Museology and Scientific and educational, which employ 132 researchers (33 of them part-time) - 3 members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 doctors of Sciences (including ten part-time) and 71 candidates of Sciences (12 of them part-time).. The Institute employs archaeologists, ethnographers, anthropologists, geologists, geophysicists, paleobotanists, paleozoologists, mathematicians, chemists, etc. on a permanent and contractual basis, which makes it possible to conduct comprehensive research in close cooperation with specialists in the humanities, natural sciences, and exact disciplines.

The Institute's specialists are involved in a multidisciplinary study of fundamental problems of cultural and historical processes from the Early Paleolithic to the Middle Ages in North and Central Asia. The research is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach, the use of modern materials processing technologies, and the participation of foreign specialists.

The development of fundamental problems in the archaeology of North and Central Asia is carried out in two main directions. The first one is "Anthropogenesis and mechanisms of social development

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3. Academician A. P. Derevyanko at the excavations of the Tsagan-Agui Paleolithic site in Mongolia.

4. Russian, Mongolian and American archaeologists during a joint expedition in the Gobi Altai.

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humanity. Spatio-temporal development of Eurasia by humans " - the work is coordinated by Academician A. P. Derevyanko. Archaeological research on this topic covers the territory of North and Central Asia from the Southern Caspian region to the Far East. Every year, the Institute's expedition teams explore dozens of Paleolithic sites, mostly new to science. A comprehensive analysis of the obtained materials allows us to determine the time, ways and stages of settlement of this territory, the evolution of culture, economic activity and the habitat of primitive man.

One of the priorities is the study of Paleolithic monuments in the arid zone of Eurasia. The chronology of archaeological sites is based on materials that occur in clear stratigraphic conditions, as well as supported by absolute and relative dating data. On the territory of Dagestan, angelic industries with rubies and pre-Ashel pebble complexes were found, and an early Paleolithic microindustry of about 1 million years was found [Derevyanko A. P., 2005, 2006]. These findings allow us to re-evaluate the role of the Caspian region in the initial dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa to the interior of Central Asia. In the south of Kazakhstan, the Acheulean microindustrial complex dated to about 500 thousand years AGO was revealed in travertine deposits uncovered at the Koshkurgan and Shoktas sites (Early Paleolithic Microindustrial complexes..., 2000). In Uzbekistan, in the Obi-Rakhmat grotto in the thick Upper Pleistocene sediments, a continuous sequence of human habitation levels was identified, reflecting the evolution of the culture at the final stage of the Middle and initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic - from 90 to 45 thousand years ago. In the cultural layer with an age of approx. 50 thousand years AGO, human remains were found that characterize the period of formation of Homo sapiens (Grot..., 2004). In Mongolia, the longest cultural and chronological column was obtained for the deposits of the Tsagan-Agui cave, in the Paleolithic horizons of which stone industries were found, dating from 500 to 30 thousand years AGO (Derevyanko A. P. and others, 2000). Based on the materials of the Tolbor multi-layer site technocomplex, it is established that the Upper Paleolithic formation in Northern Mongolia was based on the local Middle Paleolithic and synchronously with similar processes in Southern Siberia (Derevyanko A. P. and others, 2006).

Hundreds of sites with surface deposits of paleolithic material have also been studied in the western and eastern parts of Central Asia (Angel complexes..., 2001; Stone Age..., 1990, 2000; Paleolithic..., 2001; Paleolithic complexes..., 2002). A specially developed method of comprehensive analysis of lifting materials, taking into account the morphology of artifacts, the degree of deflation of their surface, the geomorphological position in the relief, and comparison with the data of stratified sites made it possible to successfully solve the problems of periodization and relative chronology of the exposed Paleolithic complexes.

On the territory of Siberia, the most interesting Paleolithic materials were obtained during the study of multi-layered sites in the Altai. A series of well-dated complexes formed by successive stratification of the levels of primitive man's habitation from the Early to the final stage of the Upper Paleolithic was excavated here [Derevyanko A. P. and others, 1998; Derevyanko A. P. and Markin, 1992; Palaeolithic..., 2001]. The Karama multi-layered site contains the oldest tools of Early Paleolithic man in Northern Asia, typical of pre-Ashelian pebble rocks. Archaic tools were found in Lower Pleistocene deposits dated to 800-600 Ka BP (Stoyanka..., 2005). In the Denisova Cave, in the lower layers of the initial stage of the Middle Paleolithic, along with numerous stone tools, the oldest remains of early Homo sapiens were found on this territory (Shpakova and Derevyanko, 2000; Shpakova, 2001). In the cultural layer of the initial Upper Paleolithic pore age ca. One of the oldest collections of bone and ornamental stone jewelry in the world has been collected for 50 thousand years [Derevyanko A. P., Shunkov, 2004]. In general, the Altai multilayered complexes indicate the continuity and continuity of cultural traditions over the past at least 280 thousand years (Derevyanko A. P., 2001; Derevyanko A. P., Shunkov, 2002).

Materials from layered monuments of the Altai Paleolithic period have become the basis for studying the selection criteria for stone raw materials for Paleolithic industries [Postnov, Anoikin, Kulik, 2000; Kulik, Shunkov, 2001], splitting technologies and methods of secondary stone processing [Derevyanko A. P., Volkov, 2004; Kolobova, 2006], and the manifestation of the symbolic activity of Paleolithic man [Derevyanko A. P., Rybin, 2003; Derevyanko A. P., Shunkov, 2004], Paleolithic settlement systems and the nature of mobility of the primitive population (Rybin, 2002; Rybin and Kolobova, 2004).

An interdisciplinary study of the oldest archaeological sites and natural complex of the Pleistocene period in the Altai territory allowed us to trace the patterns of development of Paleolithic cultural traditions, the evolution of flora and fauna, the conditions for the formation of paleolandscapes and the dynamics of paleoclimates, to determine

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5. In the red - colored layers of the Lower Pleistocene Karama site in Altai, dated to 800-600 thousand years AGO, the oldest pebble tools in Northern Asia were found.

6.Traces of human habitation over the past 280 thousand years have been found in the Denisova cave in Altai.

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the nature of the main paleogeographic events, to develop a basic scheme of paleoclimatic rhythms and landscape changes [Natural environment..., 2003; Aghajanyan, Derevianko, Shunkov, 2006; Bolikhovskaya, Derevianko, Shunkov, 2006]. Together with geologists, paleozoologists, soil scientists, paleoclimatologists and representatives of other natural sciences, a concept of the influence of natural conditions on human adaptation to the environment is created, and behavioral strategies are reconstructed in connection with changes in the ecological situation during the Quaternary period.

Archaeological sites of the Early Paleolithic (MK-I), Early Pore (Mokhovo-2), and Middle stage (Shestakovo) of the Upper Paleolithic were studied in the territory of the Kuznetsk Alatau adjacent to Altai (Derevyanko A. P. and Markin, 1998; Late Paleolithic locality..., 2003).

The study of the Stone Age in the Russian Far East is associated with the problems of determining the upper chronological boundary of the Paleolithic, the emergence and development of Neolithic cultures in Primorye and the Amur region, identifying the features of coastal adaptation, and clarifying cultural contacts in the northern sector of Pacifica [Archeology..., 2006]. Based on the materials of Late Paleolithic complexes in the Selemdzhi River basin (Derevyanko A. P., Zenin, 1995; Derevyanko A. P., Volkov, and Lee Hongjong, 1998), the Gasya multilayered site (Derevyanko A. P., Medvedev, 1992), and other sites, the development of primitive culture in the final stages of the Paleolithic and during the transition to the Neolithic is traced. At the turn of 13-12 thousand years AGO, polished tools and arrowheads appeared on the Lower Amur, and pottery production is one of the oldest in the world. These materials indicate the formation of new ways of human adaptation to changes in natural and climatic conditions at the turn of the Pleistocene-Holocene: the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, more intensive human development of natural resources, and the invention of a new component of human culture - ceramics.

The most informative and significant archaeological site in the region in terms of the abundance of finds is the Neolithic settlement on the Amur Island of Suchu. During long-term large-scale excavations in one of the dwellings of the settlement, the oldest kana-type heating system in the world was discovered, various artifacts, entire ceramic vessels, objects of worship and works of art were found [Medvedev, 2005].

The second main area of scientific activity of the Institute - "North Asia in the Paleometallic epoch: ethnogenesis and cultural genesis" - is headed by Academician V. I. Molodin. Within the framework of this direction, problems of ethnogenesis, paleoanthropology, reconstruction of ethnosocial processes in the Bronze and Iron ages, the history of the first class formations in Siberia and the Far East, and the connection of ancient and medieval cultures of North Asia and neighboring territories are developed.

When studying the ancient history of the West Siberian Plain, settlements, ancient settlements, and burial grounds of the forest-steppe and taiga Ob-Irtysh regions were studied, among which the unique Sopka-2 complex occupies a special place. The materials obtained during the excavations made it possible to develop a holistic concept of the development of the cultures of the forest-steppe Baraba from the Paleometallic era to the late Middle Ages (Molodin, 2001; Molodin and Solov'ev, 2004); a comprehensive understanding of this unique complex is still ongoing.

The nature and specifics of cultural and historical processes of the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age are represented by materials from the Chicha settlement in the Barabinsk forest-steppe (Chicha..., 2001, 2004; Molodin et al., 2002). The planography of the ancient settlement with separate specialized zones indicates the social and industrial differentiation of its population. Analysis of the production technology, morphology and ornamentation of pottery points to the simultaneous development of various ceramic traditions in the settlement, which suggests a dual system of social organization. The found samples of small clay plastics reflect, perhaps, the presence of a fertility cult associated with cattle breeding and totemic ideas.

In the southern part of Gorny Altai on the Ukok Plateau, funerary complexes with permafrost containing highly artistic products made of wood, felt, and fabric were discovered and studied (Polos'mak, 2001; Archeological Sites..., 2004). Among the most significant finds are two mummies perfectly preserved in tombs - a noble woman and a Scythian warrior (Pazyryk culture, IV-III centuries BC). Their analysis made it possible to find historical, cultural and social reconstructions that are highly appreciated by the world archaeological science. In 2004, researchers of the Pazyryk antiquities of Ukok were awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

The study of paleometallic archaeological sites is carried out at an interdisciplinary level with the involvement of representatives of various scientific disciplines (see: [Phenomenon..., 2000]). Participation in the analysis of archaeological sources of specialists in paleogenetics, biology, anthropology, geology, geophysics, physics, chemistry, dendrochronology allows you to get a huge array of unique information that opens up new opportunities for the reconstruction of ancient historical, cultural and cultural monuments.

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7. Clearing of the world's oldest kana-type heating system in a Neolithic dwelling on the Amur Suchu Island.

8. Excavations of a Neolithic dwelling of the second millennium BC on the Amur island of Suchu.

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ethno-social processes. Cooperation with academic institutes in Novosibirsk and Moscow, as well as leading research centers in Switzerland. The study of Scythian monuments in Germany, England, and Japan made a significant contribution to solving the problem of the origin and development of Early Iron Age cultures.

Dendrochronological studies of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age monuments are actively developing [Slyusarenko, 2000]. Together with colleagues from Switzerland, Germany and the USA, we are creating relative and absolute time scales for already studied and newly discovered archaeological sites in North Asia.

A special category of archaeological sources consists of monuments of ancient rock art. In the course of many years of research, petroglyphs have been recorded on the territory of the Russian and Mongolian Altai from the Stone Age to the ethnographic present [Molodin and Cheremisin, 1999; Molodin, 2004]. The participants of the Russian-American-Mongolian expedition were particularly successful. In the north-west of Mongolia, they discovered unique clusters of various rock carvings, some of which are authentic masterpieces of primitive art (Jacobson, Kubarev, Tseevendorj, 2001). Stylistic analysis of a huge array of images allowed us to identify the oldest layer dating back to the Stone Age, petroglyphs of the early Bronze Age, images in the style of deer stones of the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages, drawings of the Scythian time. The graffiti technique captures ancient Turkic images of armed warriors. Important information about the Turkic-speaking population of the early Middle Ages is provided by monuments of runic writing on stone. As a result of a comprehensive study of the Altai petroglyphs, a scheme for the development and change of rock art styles has been developed, reflecting the main stages of the region's ethno-cultural history [Kubarev V. D., Tseveendorzh, Yakobson, 2005].

Much attention is traditionally paid to the study of monuments of the Hunno-Sarmatian and Ancient Turkic times in the southern regions of Siberia [Archaeological sites..., 2004; Khudyakov, 2004; Kubarev G. V., 2005]. Due to the generalization of the accumulated data, it was possible to determine the ethnic composition of the ancient population of the region and trace the main directions of its migration, identify the characteristic types of military equipment and features of military affairs, develop a concept for the formation and development of the social structure and military organization of nomads in the era of the Great Migration of peoples.

Large-scale excavations of settlements and burial grounds in the south of the Russian Far East made it possible to study various aspects of the early transition to settlement of some groups of the ancient population of the region, and to create archaeological and ethnographic reconstructions of their economic activities [Drevnosti..., 2000; Nesterov, 1998]. Paleosociological and paleoeconomical reconstructions are based on archaeological materials and ethnographic data related to the indigenous Amur peoples, describing the topography and types of settlements, features of housing construction and architecture, and fishing methods.

When studying the early class societies of the Amur region of the Middle Ages, the history of the Mohe tribal union and the Jurchen state is in the foreground [Derevyankoe, 1981; Medvedev, 1986]. Of great interest is the Buddhist temple (kumirnya) excavated near the village of Borisovka in the south of Primorye - the earliest religious building of the Bohai culture in this territory. The monument dates back to the first half of the eighth century, the heyday of Bohai - "the land of enlightenment and scientists", according to written sources-the first state association in the Russian Far East [Medvedev, 1998a, b]. Another important block of research is related to the study of the socio-economic, cultural and political history of Tung-gu by the co-lingual Jurchens, who created the Tung-gu in the XII-XIII centuries. The Great Golden Empire (Jin), as well as their relations with the peoples of North, East and Central Asia.

It is important for the research work of the Institute to study ancient industries, in particular, methods of wood processing [Mylnikov, 2002; Samashev and Mylnikov, 2004]. In the course of archaeological excavations in the burial structures, the design features of dozens of log cabins, the structure and details of decks and beds, techniques and methods for making various wooden objects from Bronze Age burials in Western Siberia, from Scythian mounds with permafrost in the Altai and Eastern Kazakhstan, from elite burials in Tuva were recorded. The analysis of a large amount of factual material allowed us to determine the origins of traditions and local specifics of woodworking of carriers of different cultures.

Equally important is the study of the technology of production of ancient ceramics - one of the main signs of cultural belonging of archaeological sites. Along with describing the shapes and ornamentation of ancient tableware, special attention is paid to the study of the technology of ceramic production, the composition of the molding mass, the nature of firing, etc. An in-depth analysis of Neolithic ceramics of the Amur region (Mylnikova, 1999), the Bronze Age, and the transition from bronze to iron is carried out

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9. Clearing of Bronze Age graves at the Preobrazhenka-6 burial ground in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve.

10. Excavations at one of the sites of the Chicha settlement, a settlement of the Transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the south of Western Siberia.

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time of Western Siberia (Mylnikova and Chemyakina, 2002). The problems of reconstruction of ancient pottery production are effectively solved using the methods of natural sciences, in particular, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and X-ray phase analysis [Fiziko-khimicheskoe issledovanie..., 2006; Lamina, Lotova, and Dobretsov, 1995].

Interesting data were obtained as a result of studying the ancient bone-cutting industry. Bone and horn were very popular raw materials; they were widely used by the ancient population of Siberia during the Holocene (Borodovsky, 1997).

Recently, the search and identification of archaeological objects that are not expressed in relief has been successfully carried out using the methods of archaeological and geophysical research (Molodin et al., 2001). For these purposes, a comprehensive archeogeophysical methodology for studying monuments by means of electromagnetic frequency sensing and high-precision magnetic gradient survey is being actively developed at the sites of planned excavations to identify archaeological sites and ensure their accurate spatial reference, detect structural disturbances in the ground and fix the remains of ancient structures. The use of a hardware and software complex of ultra-sensitive devices with high scanning speed and corresponding software allows you to quickly obtain magneto-and radar images, as well as maps of the distribution of electrical resistivity of archaeological sites. Thanks to this, even before the start of excavations, archaeologists have an idea of the nature of the monument, its boundaries and determine the strategy for further research of the object. The geophysical method is widely used in the excavation of settlement complexes, underground burial grounds, as well as in the search for frozen burials in the Altai Mountains, where the method developed under the guidance of Academician M. A. Epov was particularly effective [Epov et al., 2006].

Ethnic anthropology of the population of North Asia plays an important role in the study of Siberian antiquities [Chikisheva, 2000, 2002; Pozdnyakov, 2006]. Research in this area is characterized by a broad chronological coverage (from primitive times to the Middle Ages) and a comprehensive (craniological, osteological, odontological and paleopathological) analysis of almost all paleoanthropological material obtained as a result of archaeological excavations. These works are conducted according to unified methods and programs using the latest achievements of modern anthropological science. The use of modern methods of statistical analysis makes it possible to use all the paleoanthropological material accumulated in our country and abroad for reconstructing the racial and genetic relationships of the ancient population of Eurasia.

Comprehensive studies of individual anthropological series allow us to reconstruct the anthropological composition of ancient populations and the physical appearance of their specific representatives. Currently, the possibilities of solving these problems have significantly expanded due to integration studies, which, along with traditional anthropological research, use molecular genetic analysis of fossil DNA samples. The anthropological characteristics of ancient populations compiled by the Institute's staff became the basis for developing evolutionary aspects of the transformation of odontological traits, studying general patterns and regional trends in the processes of race formation, and assessing the influence of natural factors on the formation of anthropological features of the ancient and modern population of Siberia.

A special place in the scientific activity of the Institute is occupied by works carried out within the framework of multidisciplinary programs of fundamental research of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. These works involve a comprehensive study of the most significant scientific problems that are in line with world priorities or in new areas of knowledge. Every year, employees of the Institute take part in the implementation of several integration programs, including those that have received high praise in the scientific community.

The largest project "Climate and Environmental Change in the Holocene and Pleistocene of Siberia in the context of global Changes" (headed by Academician A. P. Derevyanko of the Institute of Electric Power Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) brought together specialists from more than 15 institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (see: [Problems of Reconstruction..., 1998, 2000; Basic Laws..., 2002]). In the course of its implementation, reconstructions of spatial and temporal changes in the climate system of Siberia were carried out based on geological, limnological, archaeological, geothermal, dendrochronological and other data. High-resolution chronicles of the evolution of the natural environment and climate in Siberia over the past 500 thousand years have been obtained, the main patterns of global and regional changes have been identified and compared, the features of intracontinental paleoclimates have been studied, and relationships in the development of climate, the natural environment, and ancient human history have been established.

In the course of research under the project " Paleogenetic analysis of the gene pool of the ancient population of Siberia "(headed by Academician V. I. Molodin of the Institute of Electrotechnical Research of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), based on molecular genetic and anthropological analyses of biolo --

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11. Academician V. I. Molodin at the excavation of the Pazyryk mound Ak-Alakha-3 on the Ukok plateau in the Russian Altai.

12. Pazyryk burial mound of the Ak-Alakha burial complex on the Ukok plateau after the dismantling of the tombstone structure.

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13. Professor N. V. Polosmak at the excavations of the Noin-ula Xiongnu mound in Northern Mongolia.

14. Excavations of the Noin-ula burial mound of the Xiongnu period in Northern Mongolia.

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An ethno-cultural concept of the origin, development, and historical fate of the Pazyryk culture carriers who inhabited the territory of Gorny Altai in the Early Iron Age has been developed [Population.... 2003]. mtDNA sequences of Pazyryk people were obtained for the first time. A comparative evolutionary and genetic analysis of the structure of the mitochondrial gene pool revealed the greatest genetic affinity of the Pazyryk people with the modern Samoyedic peoples of Western Siberia, as well as with the Kazakhs and Uyghurs. A phylogenetic mtDNA tree of ethnic groups of Northern Eurasia is constructed on the basis of the matrix of genetic distances. Methodological techniques for highly efficient mtDNA isolation for subsequent molecular genetic analysis of human bone remains have been developed. Their use in further research opens up prospects for expanding the source base for reconstructing the ethnic history of the ancient and modern populations of North and Central Asia.

The program "Physical and chemical research of unique archaeological finds of the Pazyryk culture of Gorny Altai (VI-II centuries BC), reconstruction of ancient technologies and worldviews" (supervised by N. V. Polosmak, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of Electrotechnical Research of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) used the widest possible set of complementary analytical methods for studying organic materials, ceramic ceramics, etc. dishes, metal products, and mummified human remains (Polos'mak and Barkova, 2005; Tekstil..., 2006). A comprehensive study of Pazyryk materials allowed us to reconstruct the method of embalming the bodies of the dead. It was established that Pazyryk residents created ointments based on fat with the use of multi-component coloring agents to protect the skin in extreme conditions of high mountains, as well as for tattooing and face painting. Data on the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of the finds were the basis for the formation of new knowledge about the ancient technologies of manufacturing various things, significantly supplemented the ideas about the economic activity and worldview of the carriers of the Pazyryk culture.

Within the framework of integration research projects, the Institute most fruitfully cooperates with specialists from many departments of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, the Institute of Oil and Gas Geology and Geophysics, the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, the Institute of Catalysis, the Institute of Organic Chemistry, the Institute of Nuclear Physics, etc., as well as Novosibirsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg State universities, Paleontological, Zoological, and Geological Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the State Hermitage Museum.

Work on integration programs has shown that the prospects for the development of Siberian archeology largely depend on interaction with natural and exact disciplines [Derevyanko A. P., Molodin, Shunkov, 2005], the development of which is promoted by the general strategy of organizing interdisciplinary research in the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From the moment of its creation, the idea of integrating sciences was proclaimed by the Academician of the MA. Lavrentiev as fundamental and has been actively implemented ever since.

One of the most important structural divisions of the Institute is the Museum of History and Culture of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Its collections are replenished with unique archaeological and ethnographic finds during large-scale expedition surveys of the Institute's employees from the Caspian Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Currently, museum collections number several tens of thousands of items. The permanent museum exhibition presents the development of cultural traditions from primitive antiquity to ethnographic modernity. Among the main exhibits are the most ancient pebble tools, stone and bone ornaments, anthropological remains from Paleolithic sites in the Altai, mummies of Pleistocene animals, art objects of Paleolithic inhabitants of the Yenisei Valley and the Angara Region, the earliest Far Eastern ceramics, small art plastics and stones with Neolithic drawings from the Amur region. A special place is occupied by unique finds from the Pazyryk burials of the early Iron Age on the high-altitude Ukok plateau in Altai - mummies of a young woman and a warrior with tattoos, clothing sets, colored felts, fabric, leather, fur products, horse equipment items and jewelry with highly artistic wood carvings. The extensive collections of the museum are actively used in the exhibition work at home and abroad. Recently, thematic exhibitions on Siberian archeology, ethnography, and paleontology have been held in Japan, Australia, and the Republic of Korea.

The Institute's museum and exhibition activities include a wide range of conservation, restoration and preservation of unique samples of the archaeological and ethnographic heritage of Siberia and the Far East. On the territory of the Historical and Architectural Museum of IAEt SB RAS, there are monuments of wooden architecture from the era of the development of Siberia by the Russian population, samples of ancient monumental art from the Sayano-Altai and Transbaikalia. The main exhibit of the open-air museum is a masterpiece of Siberian wooden architecture-Spaso-Preob-

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15. Geophysical monitoring is one of the methods of interdisciplinary archaeological research.

16. Photo-fixation of rock images in the Mongolian Altai.

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17. Professor V. L. Kozeltsev examines the skin of a mummy from the Pazyryk burial ground Verkh-Kaldzhin-2 in the Russian Altai.

18. Preservation of log cabins of the burial chamber of the Pazyryk mound.

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razhenskaya church with belfry, built in the Zashiversky prison on the Indigirka River in 1700 (moved to the museum and restored in 1979-1986). Another saved monument of wooden architecture is the towers of the Kazymsky prison - one of the outposts of the development of Siberia by the Russian population, which existed in the Lower Ob region at the beginning of the XVII century. The main historical and cultural landscapes of southern Siberia in the museum's exposition are represented by anthropomorphic Okunev steles of the Bronze Age, olen stones of the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages, funeral and memorial complexes of the Paleometallic era, ancient Turkic sculptural sculptures of the early Middle Ages.

One of the urgent tasks of the development of Russian science is the training of highly qualified personnel capable of developing fundamental scientific problems at the modern level. In order to integrate academic science and higher education, the Institute has 11 regional research units created jointly with specialized departments of state universities. The Department of Archeology has been opened at the Faculty of Humanities of NSU, which trains specialists in the field of archeology, ethnography and cultural anthropology. Students receive basic training in the main historical disciplines and special knowledge of ancient and medieval history, ethnography of North, Central and East Asia. The program provides for practical training and training in summer field schools, which allows you to master the techniques of expedition work and the latest methods of field laboratory research.

The next level of training is postgraduate study at the Institute, which is completed annually by approx. 40 graduate students. The Institute trains specialists-candidates and doctors of sciences-for research institutions, educational institutions, museums in almost the entire Asian part of Russia, as well as for the archaeological centers of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and other countries.

The results of the scientific activity of the Institute in the last five years alone are reflected in 152 monographs and 60 collections, as well as in more than 1,500 articles in reviewed domestic and foreign publications (an extensive bibliography of publications of archaeologists of the Siberian Branch is presented in a number of special publications (see: [Trudy..., 1974; Bibliografiya..., 2002; Problemy Arkheologii..., 2007])). The Institute publishes the international scientific journal "Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia" on its own printing base. The publication is interdisciplinary in nature. It publishes articles on the problems of human paleoecology in the Pleistocene and Holocene, methods and techniques of archaeological, anthropological and ethnographic research, the formation and development of cultural traditions in the stone, Paleometallic and medieval eras, the development of the physical type of man, paleosociological and paleoeconomic reconstructions, primitive art, the dynamics of cultures and ethno-cultural processes among the peoples of Eurasia. It is important that the magazine is published in Russian and English - it is the only specialized publication of this format in Russia.

Over the past ten years, the Institute's employees have received a significant number of grants from regional, national and international foundations. Financial support for basic research programs of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, interdisciplinary integration projects of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, grants from the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research are particularly important for expanding scientific research at the Institute.

The Institute's international relations are traditionally extensive and diverse. Joint field and laboratory research is conducted with research centers in England, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Finland, Iran, China, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the United States, Canada and other countries. The last decade has been a time of flourishing international scientific cooperation and organic entry of the Institute into the world scientific community. The Russian-Japanese program "Pazyryk", bilateral projects with archaeologists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to study the Stone Age of these countries, the work of the Russian-Mongolian-American archaeological expedition to study Stone Age monuments and rock art, the Russian-German program for the study of the Chicha hillfort and the Tartas-1 burial ground in the south of Western Siberia are widely known, joint projects with scientists of the Republic of Korea to study the Neolithic of the Amur region, a Russian-German-Mongolian expedition to study the burial complexes of the Pazyryk culture with permafrost in the southwestern part of Altai. Every year, the Institute's staff makes presentations at dozens of international congresses, conferences and symposiums in various areas of archaeological science.

Born as a humanitarian unit with a handful of enthusiastic researchers of Siberia's distant historical past, the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS has evolved from a regional center into one of the world's most recognized centers of Russian and international archaeology, which has a huge creative potential and works closely with the largest universities in the world.

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research centers in Europe, Asia, and America. His research interests include fundamental problems of archeology related to the ancient history of North and Central Asia and adjacent territories, the development of ancient cultures in the Paleometallic and medieval periods, and ethno-social and ethno-political processes in modern society.

The Institute firmly occupies one of the leading positions in Russian archeology, which was clearly confirmed by the All-Russian Archaeological Congress recently held in Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, organized on the initiative of Siberian scientists [Sovremennye Problemy..., 2006].

One of the most important principles defining the institute's long - term development strategy is the broad integration of archaeological research with natural and exact sciences, and the development of new techniques and methods for reconstructing the historical past, paleoclimate, and natural environment in which ancient man and his culture were formed and developed based on this interaction.

Close cooperation with academic and university science, large-scale research in Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and the Southern Caspian region, accumulated vast material, and modern methods of analyzing and interpreting archaeological sources allow us to reach a qualitatively new level of understanding the key points of the ancient and medieval history of Eurasia, which are extremely important for understanding ethnosocial and cultural factors. cultural and historical processes in the modern world.

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Derevyanko A. P., Petrin V. T., Rybin E. P., Chevalkov L. M. Paleolithic complexes of the stratified part of the Kara-Bom site (Mustier-Upper Paleolithic). Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAEt SB RAS, 1998, 280 p. (in Russian)

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Nesterov S. P., Grebenshchikov A.V., Alkin S. V., Bolotin D. P., Volkov P. V., Kononenko N. A., Kuzmin Ya. V., Mylnikova L. N., Tabarev A.V., Chernyuk A.V. Drevnosti Burei [Antiquities of the Storm]. Novosibirsk, IAEt SB RAS Publ., 2000, 352 p. (in Russian)

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Derevyanko A. P., Dorzh D., Vasilevsky R. S., Larichev V. E., Petrin V. T., Devyatkin E. V., Malaeva E. M. Kamenny vek Mongolii: Paleolit i neolit Mongolskogo Altay [The Stone Age of Mongolia: Paleolith and Neolith of the Mongolian Altai]. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1990, 646 p. (in Russian)

Derevyanko A. P., Petrin V. T., Tseveendorzh D., Devyatkin E. V., Larichev V. E., Vasilevsky R. S., Zenin A. N., Gladyshev S. A. Kamenny vek Mongolii: Paleolith and Neolith of the northern coast of the Valley of Lakes. Novosibirsk, IAEt SB RAS Publ., 2000, 440 p. (in Russian)

Kashina T. I. Ceramics of the Yangshao culture. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1977, 165 p. (in Russian)

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Kubarev V. D., Tseveendorzh D., Yakobson E. Petroglyphs of Tsagaan-Salaa and Baga-Oygur (Mongolian Altai). Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAEt SB RAS, 2005, 640 p. (in Russian)

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Molodin V. I., Parzinger G., Garkusha Yu. N., Shneevais I, Becker Kh., Fassbinder I, Chemyakina M. A., Grishin A. E., Novikova O. I., Efremova N. S., Manshtein A. K., Dyadkov P. G., Vasiliev S. K., Mylnikova L. N., Balkov E. V. Archeologo-Geofizicheskie Geologicheskie Geologicheskie Geofizicheskie [Archaeological and geophysical research methods]. studies of the ancient settlement of the Chicha-1 transition from Bronze to Iron age in the Barabinsk forest-steppe. First results of the Russian-German expedition / / Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia. - 2001. - N 3. - p. 104-127.

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Molodin V. I., Cheremisin D. V. The oldest rock images of the Ukok plateau. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1999, 160 p. (in Russian)

Mylnikov V. P. Osobennosti izucheniya drevnoi derevoobrabotki [Features of studying ancient woodworking]. - 2002. - N4. - P. 106-121.

Mylnikova L. N. Goncharstvo neoliticheskikh plemen nizhni Amura [Pottery of Neolithic tribes of the Lower Amur]. Novosibirsk, IAEt SB RAS Publ., 1999, 158 p. (in Russian)

Mylnikova L. N., Chemyakina M. A. Traditions and innovations in the pottery of ancient Baraba tribes (based on the materials of the Om-1 settlement complex). Novosibirsk, IAEt SB RAS Publ., 2002, 198 p. (in Russian)

Molodin V. I., Voevoda M. I., Chikisheva T. A., Romashchenko A. G., Polosmak N. V., Shulgina E. O., Nefedova M. V. The population of Gorny Altai in the Early Iron Age as an ethnocultural phenomenon: origin, genesis, and historical destinies (according to the data of archeology, anthropology, and genetics). Kulikov, L. D. Damba, MA. Gubila, V. F. Kobzev. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003, 286 p.

Nesterov S. P. Peoples of the Amur Region in the Early Middle Ages. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1998, 183 p.

Okladnikov A. P. Petroglyphs of Angara, Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1966, 322 p.

Okladnikov A. P. Petroglyphs of the Lower Amur, Nauka Publ., 1971, 334 p.

Okladnikov A. P. Petroglyphs of Lake Baikal-monuments of ancient culture of the peoples of Siberia. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1974, 124 p. (in Russian)

Okladnikov A. P. Petroglyphs of the Upper Lena, Nauka Publ., 1977, 323 p.

Okladnikov A. P. Petroglyphs of Mongolia, Nauka Publ., 1981, 228 p.

Okladnikov Alexey Pavlovich, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1981, 183 p.

Okladnikov A. P. Archeology of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 2003, 664 p. (in Russian)

Okladnikov A. P., Zaporozhskaya V. D. Petroglyphs of Transbaikalia. - L: Science, 1969. - Part 1-217 p.; 1970. - Part 2. - 262 p.

Okladnikov A. P., Martynov A. I. Treasures of Tomskikh pisanits, Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ., 1972, 257 p.

Okladnikov A. P., Okladnikova E. A., Zaporozhskaya V. D., Skorynina E. A. Petroglyphs of the Elangash River Valley (south of Gorny Altai). Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1979, 136 p. (in Russian)

The main patterns of global and regional climate and environmental changes in the Late Cenozoic of Siberia. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAEt SB RAS, 2002, issue 1, 408 p.

Derevyanko A. P., Krivoshapkin A. P., Larichev V. E., Petril V. T. Paleolith of the eastern foothills of Arts-Bogdo (Southern Gobi). Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAEt SB RAS, 2001, 152 p. (in Russian)

Derevyanko A. P., Zenin A. N., Olsen D., Petrin V. T., Tseveandorzh D. Paleolithic complexes of the Silicon Valley. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAEt SB RAS, 2002, 288 p. (in Russian)

Petrin V. T. Paleolithic sanctuary in the Ignatievskaya cave in the Southern Urals. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1992, 206 p. (in Russian)

Derevyanko A. P., Molodin V. I., Zenin V. N., Leshchinsky S. V., Mashchenko E. N. Late Paleolithic location of Shestakovo. Novosibirsk: IAEt SB RAS Publ., 2003, 168 p. (in Russian)

Pozdnyakov D. V. Paleoanthropology of the population of the south of Western Siberia of the Middle Ages (the second half of the first-first half of the second millennium AD). Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAEt SB RAS, 2006. - 136 p.

Polos'mak N. V. Baraba in the Early Iron Age. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1987, 144 p. (in Russian)

Polos'mak N. V. The Riders of Ukok. Novosibirsk: Infolio-press, 2001, 336 p. (in Russian)

Polos'mak N. V., Barkova L. L. Costume and textiles of the Pazyryk people of Altai (IV-III centuries BC). Novosibirsk: INFOLIO Publ., 2005, 232 p.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 09.04.07.

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