All three of these paronyms were first recorded by explanatory dictionaries at the beginning of the XVIII century, i.e. almost three hundred years ago. Initially, they were marked for one lexical meaning each, although the adjective druzhny also indicated a shade of meaning. In the Dictionary of V. I. Dahl, all three words are considered in one dictionary nest with the heading word Friend. Here is the interpretation given there by these adjectives. Friendly - peculiar to a friend, friends, belonging to them; friendly - friendly, based on a friendly disposition; friendly - friendly, friendly, peaceful, consonant, based on love and benevolence; joint, united acting. Let's see how these adjectives are interpreted and used in modern Russian.

Almost all modern explanatory dictionaries distinguish two meanings for the adjective friendly. For the first meaning, dictionaries either simply refer to the words friend, friendship, or offer the following explanation:"Related to a friend, friends." There are also some variations in the interpretation of the second meaning-

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Ants: "Imbued with sympathy, affection for someone" (Dictionary of Ozhegov and Shvedova); "Imbued with feelings of friendship, expressing them "(Dictionary of the Lopatins); "Expressing friendship, location "(MAC).

Unfortunately, dictionaries provide very few illustrative examples that confirm the validity of identifying exactly two such values. The fact is that when analyzing more texts with these words, the question arises how to "link" a particular noun phrase to the first or second meaning of the adjective friendly. For example, take the phrase friendly conversation. It is quite possible to use it to illustrate not only the first, but also the second meaning, since it is easy to imagine a situation when two strangers are traveling on a train, who begin to talk to each other, become imbued with mutual sympathy, after which their conversation becomes friendly, although they are not friends. Similarly, it is possible to have friendly feelings not only for friends, but also for colleagues, neighbors, and good acquaintances who are sympathetic to you; similarly, friendly advice may not necessarily come from a friend, but also from a person who is simply friendly to you, perhaps more mature and willing to share their life experience with you.

All this indicates that the boundary between the specified values is not strict and has a very conditional character. Based on this, we consider it more appropriate to combine these two meanings, and here is the interpretation proposed in this case: "Related to a friend, friends, friendship; characteristic of friends, imbued with friendliness, sympathy (usually to characterize relations between individuals)." With this approach, the problem of distributing illustrative utterances by meaning is completely eliminated.

In modern Russian, the adjective friendly (as opposed to friendly ) is very common. The analysis of numerous examples (mainly from the fiction literature of recent years) allows us to fully outline the circle of lexical compatibility of this paronym with nouns. This circle primarily includes such inanimate nouns: company, party, lunch, dinner, feast, meeting, conversation, conversation, request, care, help, service, support, closeness, frankness, praise, familiarity, letter, correspondence, communication, circle, tone, appearance, gesture, advice, environment, atmosphere, look, smile, handshake, touch, kiss, joke, relationships, connections, contacts, feelings, intentions, attention, location, sympathy, greetings, greetings, motivations, wishes, etc.

Together with the adjective and the corresponding verbs, they form numerous verb-nominal phrases: invitational-

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invite someone to a friendly party, spend time in a friendly circle, have a friendly conversation with someone, show friendly concern for someone, make a friendly request to someone, offer someone friendly help, provide someone with a friendly service, have a friendly relationship with someone, feelings, establish friendly relations with someone, maintain friendly correspondence with someone, express friendly wishes to someone, give friendly advice to someone, be guided by friendly motives, discuss something in a friendly atmosphere, exchange friendly handshakes with someone, do something with friendly intentions, etc. etc. Let's illustrate this with examples from fiction:

"After the institute, our paths diverged, but we continued to maintain friendly relations "(M. Serova. Just to spite everyone); "In friendly communication, Smoknutonovsky turned out to be an easy, entertaining, and completely un-ambitious person" (O. Aroseva. Without makeup); "He (Sergey) wanted to talk about you in a warm and friendly atmosphere " (T. Polyakova. I am your trouble); "He (Mishuk) he could write a story about grass sprouting. He was drawn to silence and friendly conversations." Paustovsky. Sea habit); "He (Komarov) came down clearly with friendly intentions" (A. Kivinov. Safety option); "Then I learned to value above all this free human communication, a friendly, fun feast "(O. Aroseva. Without makeup); "He (Kolokolnikov) responded to a friendly handshake ... "(S. Vysotsky. Anonymous customer); "In the design bureau, he was called abbreviated, with a touch of friendly familiarity - Count" (I. Goff. Don't trust mirrors); "You could count on a friendly greeting from Goryshin" (S. Dovlatov. Suitcase).

Let's move on to the adjective friendly, which is not as widely used as its paronym friendly. For a long time, it probably competed in one way or another with the adjective friendly and was also used mainly in the sphere of personal relations between people. However, with the passage of time, a certain division of "spheres of influence" occurs between these paronyms, figuratively speaking - the adjective friendly switches more and more to "service" the sphere of official (mainly interstate) relations. It is quite natural that this trend is also reflected in explanatory dictionaries. So, in Ushakov's Dictionary (1935), the following interpretation is given to the adjective friendly: "Friendly, friendly. Friendly tone. II Mutually benevolent, based on friendship (mainly about states and relations between them). Friendly nations. A friendly power. "

The interpretation of this word, proposed by D. N. Ushakov, has successfully passed into other explanatory dictionaries. However, the shade is more significant-

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The term"mutually benevolent, based on friendship", which was singled out by D. N. Ushakov, received the "status" of an independent meaning. As for the formulation of another meaning, it is either completely preserved in the same form ("friendly, friendly"), or slightly modified ("expressing friendship; friendly, friendly"), which, of course, does not change the essence of the matter. This approach actually equates this meaning of the word friendly with the second meaning of its paronym friendly ("expressing friendship, favor" or "imbued with feelings of friendship, expressing them"), i.e. these words are considered synonymous, which is far from true.

In fact, it seems to us that there are currently very few nouns that are combined with the paronym friendly in the second meaning. Illustrative examples provided by dictionaries relate mainly to the past and do not reflect modern word usage, and in some cases are simply artificial in nature. So, in MAC, to illustrate this meaning, two quotes from fiction are given. The first is from Gogol's "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich": "From your words... I don't see any friendly attitude towards me." The second is from M. Sholokhov's "Virgin Soil Raised": "[Grandfather Shchukar] considered himself a close acquaintance of Davydov and treated him well ... with friendly familiarity."

Probably, now we would use the adjective friendly in these cases: friendly disposition, friendly familiarity (we gave an example from modern literature with the phrase friendly familiarity above). Similarly, in the phrases friendly advice, friendly frankness, and friendly handshake, which are intended to illustrate the same meaning, the use of the adjective friendly instead of friendly also looks outdated or artificial. Thus, the conclusion suggests itself: highlighting the second meaning of the adjective friendly now becomes redundant, redundant, and does not correspond to modern speech.

In this regard, it seems more appropriate, as in the case of the paronym friendly, to give a generalized interpretation to the adjective friendly: "Characterized by mutual understanding, trust and benevolence (usually about states, countries, peoples and relations between them)." The range of nouns combined with this adjective primarily includes the following words: state, country, people, relations, connections, politics, visit, meeting, situation, atmosphere, message, character, tone, step (meaning: "action, deed"), act.

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Together with the adjective friendly and the corresponding verbs, they form the following commonly used (essentially cliched) verb-nominal phrases and sentences: to pursue a friendly policy, develop friendly relations, strengthen friendly ties, carry out a friendly visit, send a friendly message, take friendly steps; the meeting of the presidents was of a friendly nature, the negotiations were held in a friendly atmosphere, etc. etc.

Such cliched expressions constantly fill newspaper and magazine pages, are heard on radio and television. All of them, of course, relate exclusively to the official side of our life, primarily the sphere of interstate relations. Therefore, it is no coincidence that we have not encountered a single example of the paronym friendly in fiction - after all, in this case we are usually talking about interpersonal relationships at the everyday level, and the word friendly is used to characterize them. Consequently, it is in this plane that the "watershed" line between the paronyms under consideration currently runs, which, in turn, once again confirms the validity of our proposed interpretation of these two adjectives.

Nevertheless, in some cases (as a kind of tribute to the past interchangeability of these words), phrases that seem to be synonymous at first glance can be used: friendly relations - friendly relations, friendly relations - friendly relations, friendly environment - friendly environment. In fact, these constructions are actually already paronymic, since in the first case (when using the adjective friendly ) they mean relations between friends or relatives who sympathize with each other, and in the second case (when using the adjective friendly ) - official relations between states, officials, representatives of public organizations, business and other organizations. academic circles, etc.

As for the third term of the paronymic series under consideration - the adjective amicable, its use, in our opinion, does not cause any difficulties in distinguishing it from other members of the paronymic series, since its meanings and the circle of compatibility remain stable for many years. We consider it appropriate to distinguish three meanings of this paronym, although some dictionaries do not specify the third meaning at all (Ozhegov and Shvedova Dictionary, Lopatin Dictionary) or give it as a shade of the second meaning (BAS, MAC):

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1. Connected by friendship, mutual consent ( friendly family, company, team, team; friendly team, class; friendly guys ) .

2. Happening simultaneously, coordinated; coordinated ( friendly work; friendly laughter, laughter, shouting, barking, protest, rebuff, fire, volley; friendly singing; friendly efforts, applause).

3. Rapid, fast-growing, flowing ( friendly spring, thaw, friendly snowmelt, friendly shoots ).

As you can see, the adjective amicable combines a very limited range of nouns. Here are some examples: "I was somewhat suspicious of women. But still secretly dreamed of a friendly family "(Profile. 1999. N 2); " Both were sociable, and during this time they formed a common friendly company... "(Home hearth. 1998. Dec.); " Here everyone laughed amicably, contentedly and sat down at the table "(L. Petrushevskaya. "Riviere rushed to the Fields, but the friendly cry of the fishermen stopped him..." (k. Paustovsky. Sardines from Audierne); "Spring was amicable, the state of nature changed by leaps and bounds..." (V. Soloukhin. Photo sketch).

So, we have considered the main features of the functioning of the paronyms friendly, friendly and friendly. Summing up, it is necessary to emphasize once again that the adjective friendly "serves" exclusively the sphere of interpersonal relations at the domestic level, while the adjective friendly is increasingly assigned to the sphere of official, mainly interstate relations. This contrast is also reflected in our proposed interpretation of the meanings of these paronyms. As for the paronym druzhny, it does not have any semantic shifts and changes in the range of lexical compatibility with nouns.

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