Introduction

A study of the demographic situation among indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the last 10-15 years indicates negative trends in this area, characterized by high mortality rates of people of working age and children, a decrease in the birth rate and life expectancy [Karlov, 1991, p. 6; Klokov and Koryukhina, 1994, p. 65; Ivanov, 1999; et al.]. On the general background, reindeer herding peoples who preserve the traditional way of life, including the Nenets, look more prosperous [Sokolova, 2003, p. 49; 2004, p. 24-25; Averin, 2005, p. 77; Artyukhova and Pirig, 2004, p.64].

According to the place of primary residence and dialect, the Nenets people are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. The available official statistics characterize demographic processes primarily among the Tundra Nenets as the most numerous and administratively organized. The main territory of their settlement is four autonomous circles:Nenets of the Arkhangelsk Region, Yamalo-Nenets of the Tyumen Region, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) of the Krasnoyarsk Territory*.

The forest Nenets represent a small ethnic group, whose main economic activity, in contrast to the tundra group, is hunting and fishing; reindeer husbandry is of transport importance [Golovnev, 1993, p. 125; Kozmin, 2003, p. 27]. The territories inhabited by forest Nenets were among the first to fall into the sphere of development of oil and gas fields. As a result of industrial development, significant areas of yagel pastures were removed from traditional nature management, which led to a reduction in the number of reindeer, a change in nomadic routes, and an increase in the number of salt-free and low-salt families [Gardamshina et al., 2006, p. 58]**. At present, fishing is practically their only source of livelihood***. Differences in the economy and living conditions (climatic, socio-economic, etc.) of forest and tundra Nenets make it relevant to study demographic processes in each group separately.

This article analyzes the dynamics of the number of forest Nenets in the XX century, by gender and age.-

This work was supported by the Lavrentievsky Grant of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

* On 17.04.2005, at a referendum, a majority vote was taken to merge the TAO with the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

** See also: Current state of traditional nature management of the indigenous population in the conditions of technogenic impact in connection with the development and operation of the Priobskoye field (Khanty-Mansiysk District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug): (Final report on the implementation of the topic under grant N 99 - 05 - 65695 Russian Foundation for Basic Research) / IPOS SB RAS. Tyumen, 2000, p. 310.

*** Ibid., pp. 272-276, 295; Draft. Pressure oil pipeline from the Chatylkinsky field to the Kholmistoye field. Engineering and environmental surveys. Historical, cultural and archaeological research of the territory. (Report on the implementation of scientific research works) / IPOS SB RAS. - Tyumen, 2005. - pp. 34-37.

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The largest group, the Purov group, for which the most complete and detailed data were obtained, has the same age, marital and family composition. Due to the small number and lack of administrative unity of the forest Nenets, it is almost impossible to use the materials of official statistics to analyze demographic processes in their environment.

Different sources were used to achieve this goal. Data on the number of forest Nenets in the first half of the XX century were obtained from the materials of the Circumpolar census of 1926-1927, published in the "List of Settlements of the Ural Region" [1928], as well as from the reports of researchers who conducted expedition work in the areas of their settlement: R. P. Mitusova (GASO. F. R-1812. Op. 2. D. 181), P. I. Sosunova [1931], G. D. Verbova [1936]. The main statistical sources of the second half of the 20th century are annual lists of rural localities by cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, compiled from local economic accounting books. The identified lists show the national composition of the population by districts, village councils and localities since 1957 (GATO. F. 1112. Op. 1. D. 1616, 2184, 2987, 3975, 6090, 6982, 7493, 8943, 10281; Op. 2. d. 849, 1739, 2960, 4156 Op. 4. d. 84, 146; Data of the Tyumen Regional Committee of State Statistics, 1997-2004). Demographic characteristics (distribution by gender, age, marital status, and family composition) were compiled using data from the household accounting books for 1967-1971 and 2004-2005.

Settlement and population dynamics

Forest Nenets * live in the taiga zone of the Siberian North, occupying the territory between the Ob and Taza rivers, including the upper and middle reaches of the Pura River basin, the upper reaches of the Nadym, and the northern tributaries of the Lyamina, Trom'egana, and Agana rivers. The current boundaries of their settlement practically coincide with the description compiled by G. D. Verbov [1936, p.59].

In the 17th and early 20th centuries, the forest Nenets were part of the Yasach population of the Kazym region. Berezovsky uyezd. In 1923-1930, the territory of their residence was part of the Surgutsky and Obdorsky districts of the Tobolsk ROC. Ural region. As a result of zoning in the 1930s, it was divided between the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi National districts**. Modern forest Nenets live in the central and southern parts of the Purovsky and Nadymsky districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, in the Beloyarsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi and Surgut districts of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District. In the Purovsky district, which was separated from the Tazovsky district in 1932, there were forest Nenets living in the lower and middle reaches of the Pur, along its tributaries (Yerkalnadeypur, Pyakupur, Vengapur) and in the vicinity of the lake. The heel is something (Fig. 1).

In the 1960s and 1970s, a significant part of the forest Nenets of the Surgut district moved to Purovsky-on the territory of the Pyakuto lake system [Indigenous population..., 1993, p. 70]. Their number in the Surgut district decreased from 260 in 1970 to 66 in 2003 (GATO. F. 1112. Op. 1. D. 6090. L. 83; Data of the Tyumen Regional Committee of State Statistics for 2003).

Until now, a significant part of the forest Nenets live in rural areas, despite the presence of cities and urban-type settlements based on the territory of their traditional settlement due to industrial development. Currently, most of the forest Nenets live in rural localities or the town of Tarko-Sale and preserve traditional settlements-camps, which are used occasionally during fishing and hunting.

The forest Nenets are characterized by dispersed dispersal (lake and river types). Summer parking is determined by the presence of a reservoir suitable for fishing, including the construction of a lock, and winter parking is determined by the presence of deer pastures. Summer camps are confined to fishing grounds located at the mouths of small rivers that flow into larger rivers, on the banks of lakes, the largest of which are Num-to and Pyaku-to. Each family has several places for summer camping (Tikhonov, 1986, p. 77) (PMA, 2005). Winter camps are located at a distance of 2 - 7 km from summer camps. A special feature of the taiga-type reindeer husbandry of the forest Nenets is the small range of seasonal migration routes. Herds graze year-round in the open spaces of swamps, along the edges of river floodplains in pine and cedar forests. In these areas, winter and summer feeds are successfully combined, so no seasonal change of pastures and pastures is required.

* Self-name-neshchang, which means "man", (in the plural negia' - "people"). Tundra Nenets call them forest (pyan' (pyad') khasava', pederan khasava') [Gorodkov, 1924, p. 21]. In the sources of the XVII-XIX centuries. They are also called kunnoi samoyeds, Kazymsky, Kondinsky samoyeds, khandayars, pyaks [Dolgikh B. O., 1960, p. 68; Verbov, 1936, p. 57-59; Prokofiev, 1937, p.9; Kniga..., 1950, p. 168; Kastren, 1999, p. 50, 62]. The latter name is found in documents of the first half of the XX century when describing the population of the Nadym district, where it is informally preserved until the present time (GAYANAO. F. 191. Op. 1. D. 2. L. 127, 131, 134; f. 34. Op. 1. d. 66, 77; Field materials of the author (hereinafter - PMA), 2006).

** In 1977, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, they received the status of autonomous regions. Modern abbreviation of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

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there is no need to move over long distances [Karapetova. 2001, p. 207]. Few Nenets live in the same place for a long time, because deer "knock out" the entire territory in the district and make it unsuitable for subsequent residence.

The population of a camp is usually limited to one or two families. Their efforts are sufficient for constipation and non-water fishing [Golovnev, 1995, p. 57]. Only in the case of a large constipation device, the maintenance of which requires large labor costs, several families can live together in the summer and autumn period. In areas where fishing is rich, the camps are located close to each other, forming a continuous chain along the riverbank [Indigenous population..., 1993, pp. 69-73]. This can be observed on lakes Num-to and Pyaku-to, where several dozen families of forest Nenets fish in the summer (Golovnev, 1995, p. 57) (PMA, 2005).

According to the Yasach lists and revision tales, which provide incomplete information [Vasiliev, 1979, p. 106, 183], the total number of forest Nenets in the XVII-early XX centuries did not exceed 1000 people. The nature of their habitat-a swampy, difficult terrain located away from the nomads of the tundra Nenets, which the forest ones did not meet - inspired confidence that no one lives in the vast area between the Ob and Taza rivers [Gorodkov, 1924, p.22]. Based on the materials of the Yasach books of the XVII century, B. O. Dolgikh estimated the number of "Kazym Samoyeds" at 770 people [1960, p.72]. For the end of the XVIII century, according to the V revision, V. I. Vasiliev gives the figure of 476 people, and according to the First All-Russian Census of 1897, there were 467 forest Nenets. [Vasiliev, 1994, p. 52, 56; Patkanov, 1911, p. 29].

According to the materials of the Circumpolar Census, at the beginning of the XX century, 1065 forest Nenets lived in the Surgut district [List..., 1928, p. XLVI]. At the same time, for the modern territory of the Purovsky district, only data on the population of the Pyakupur basin - 269 people-are given. [Ibid., pp. 210-215]. G. D. Verbov, who worked for the forest Nenets in the early 1930s, gives a total figure of 1,129 people, considering it underestimated [1936, p. 62]. According to the legend attached to the map of the settlement of the peoples of the North compiled by B. O. Dolgikh and I. S. Gurvich according to the Circumpolar Census of 1926-1927, the number of the Nazym-Lyaminsky, Varyegansky, Verkhnepurov, Pyakupurov, Numtovsky territorial groups of forest Nenets was approximately 855 people (171 farms). [Social order..., 1970, p. 438].

During the Circumpolar Census, the forest Nenets of the Obdorsky district were not fully accounted for due to the illness of R. P. Mitusova, whose duty it was to register them; it was not possible to replace it due to a lack of vehicles and people (GASO. F. R-1812. Op. 2. D. 181. T. 4. L. 6 about). In this situation, the Surgut district head was asked to expand the census area to the north as a control measure. This was partially done. Regarding the population of some territories, only tribal elders in Surgut and Nora were interviewed. In this way, information about the population of the Pyakupur basin was obtained. As a result, these farms were officially considered unaccounted for [List..., 1928, p.210]. The final report on the census in relation to the forest Nenets expressed the fear of under-accounting from 15 to 30 farms (GASO. f. R-1812. Op. 2. D. 181. T. 4. L. 6 vol.), i.e. from 75 to 150 people.*

Figure 1. Present-day territory of Siberian forest Nenets settlement, a-localities where forest Nenets are registered; b-administrative border between Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs; c-administrative borders of districts.

* According to calculations, at that time the farm numbered an average of 5 people (GAYANAO. f. 12. Op. 1. d. 189. l. 24 vol.) [Krupnik, 2000, p. 150].

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According to the results of the preliminary expedition of 1924-1925 to the Pura and Agan basins of R. P. Mitusova, 693 Samoyed and ostyak-Samoyed living in 97 chumas, including 380 children under the age of 15 (GASO. F. R-1812. Op. 2. D. 181. L. 30-30 ob.).

P. I. Sosunov noted in 1903 that "the record of this ethnic group, presumably, is confused by the administrative issue, because the overwhelming majority of the "Pyan-Khazovo" is attributed administratively to the Surgut district, some of them live in the middle reaches of the Pura River, probably mixed here with the Yuraks and as part of the Purov gang is included in the Tazovsky district (Purovsky district was separated from Tazovsky in 1932 - E. V.), while the rest roam along the RR. Chasalke and Tolke (tributaries of the Taza River) and on this basis, obviously, belong under the guise of ostyaks to the administrative associations of the Turukhansk Region " [1931, p. 42]. According to his calculations, "Pyan-Khazovo" numbered 1,000-1,100 people, of which 750 were in the Surgut district (testimony of representatives from the Aivasedo clan), 150 people were part of the Purov gang and 150 people. they roamed the tributaries of the Taz River [Ibid.]. In general, these figures do not differ much from the data of the Circumpolar Census. As of 1935, there were 146 farms of forest Nenets in the Purovsky district, which amounted to approximately 730 people (GAYANAO. f. 12. Op. 1. D. 189. L. 24).

It was very difficult to take into account the entire population due to the inaccessibility of places of residence and the peculiarities of farming. In subsequent censuses, the group of forest Nenets was not singled out separately. Therefore, it is possible to determine their number only as a result of direct work in the areas of their residence. It was in this way that the data of L. V. Khomich, T. B. Dolgikh, and V. I. Vasiliev, dating back to the 1960s, were obtained-1200 people and about 2000 people. [Khomich, 1966, p. 20; Dolgikh T. B., 1971, p. 93; Vasiliev, 1973, p. 106]. Official statistics materials can be used if you know about the settlement of forest Nenets in the territory of rural councils and localities, but the information obtained will be approximate. Their systematic underestimation persisted until the last third of the 20th century.

V. I. Vasiliev identified territorial groups of forest Nenets and defined the boundaries of settlement of each of them. Forest Nenets live most compactly in the Pura basin in the Purovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They were divided into the Tarko-Salinsky (Tarko-Salinsky s/s), Kharampurovskaya, Khalesovinskaya (Verkhnepurovsky s/s), and Samburg (Nizhnepurovsky s/s) groups. The formation of the latter is associated with the relocation of 18 families of forest Nenets to the lower reaches of the Pur River in the late 1950s during the organization of the Nizhnepurovsky state farm [Khomich, 1966, p.20]. The Nadym-Norinsky group (Nydo-Nadymsky district) was not identified in the Nadymsky district, and the Nadym-Numtovskaya group (Kazymsky district) was not identified in the Berezovsky district. Forest Nenets living in the upper reaches of the right tributaries of the middle Ob - Agan, Trom'egan, Nazym, and Lyamin were divided into Agansko-varyeganskaya (Novo-Agansky rural settlement of the Surgut district), Trom'eganskaya (Trom'egansky rural settlement of the Surgut District), and Nazymsko-Lyaminskaya (Nazymsky, Nyalinsky, and Seliyarovsky rural settlements).from the Khanty-Mansiysk district and the Sytominsky district of the Surgutsky district) of the group (Vasiliev, 1973, p. 106). At the end of the XX century P. G. Turutina identified almost the same territorial groups by the names of localities: Tarko-Sale, Kharampur, Halyasavey, Varyegan, Vengapur, Sytomino, Numto [2000, p. 9].

The approximate number of each territorial group corresponds to the number of forest Nenets registered in the localities that are the centers of their territories of residence (Table 1). Their total number in the early 1970s was 1,965 people. [Vasiliev, 1973, p. 106].

At the beginning of the XXI century, the administrative affiliation of some territorial groups changed, but the total number remained almost at the same level, i.e., about 2,000 people (Table 1). The Trom'egan and Nazym-Lyama groups significantly decreased due to the relocation of the Nenets to other territories and their assimilation by the Khanty*. Thus, representatives of the surname Ngang, recorded in the early 1970s in the territories of the Nazym and Nyalinsky villages of the Khanty-Mansiysk district (4 families), were recorded by the Nenets [Ibid., p. 107], and at the end of the XX century - by the Khanty**. The number of Nadym-Norinsk and Samburg groups at the beginning of the XXI century was estimated approximately due to mixing with the tundra Nenets. Only those farms in which the head of the forest Nenets origin is considered were taken into account. At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century, some families of forest Nenets of the Nygdo-Nagma (Norinsky) rural settlement moved to the territory of the Indian rural settlement (PMA, 2002, 2004).

The dynamics of the population of the Purov forest Nenets in the second half of the 20th century, revealed on the basis of annual lists of rural localities, reflects not so much general trends in their demographic development as administrative changes and improvements in the quality of accounting. The number of Purov forest Nenets is made up of those registered in the village of Kharampur, the villages of Khalyasavey, Tarko-Sale and Vengapur***.-

* Modern state of traditional nature management ... pp. 46, 51.

** Ibid., p. 128.

*** Since the mid-1940s, the forest Nenets were administratively subordinated to two village councils: Verkhnepurovsky (since 1976, Khalesovinsky, the center of the village of Khalyasavey) and Tarko-Salinsky (the center of the village of Tarko-Sale). Until 1972, the villages of Khalyasavey and Kharampur were part of Verkhnepurovsky rural Settlement, then the latter was transferred to Tarko-Salinsky rural settlement. In 2004, the Tarko-Sale settlement received the status of a city, and the Kharampur village was formed with the center in the village of Kharampur.

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Table 1. Number and distribution of forest Nenets by territories of rural councils, 1968-2005

Group

1968-1972*

2002-2005

District and village council where you are registered

Number of employees, pers.

District and village administration where registered

Number of employees, pers.

Tarko-Salinskaya

Kharampurovskaya Street

Khalesovinskaya Street

Samburgskaya Street

Purovsky district of YANNO, Tarkosalinsky rural settlement

The same, Verkhnepurovsky agricultural district

The same thing

Purovsky district of YANNO, Nizhnepurovsky rural settlement

1245

Purovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Tarko-Sale Vengapur Tundra

Same thing, Harampur s/a

Khalesovinskaya Rural district

Samburgskaya s/a

291 (PMA, 2005)

365 (PMA, 2004)

470 (PMA, 2005)

=185 (PMA, 2004)

Nadymsko-Norinskaya

YANNO Nadymsky district, Nydo-Nadymsky rural settlement

146

Nadymsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Norinskaya and Nydinskaya rural districts

=146 (PMA, 2002)

Nadymsko-Numtovskaya street

Berezovsky district of KHMNO, Kazymsky rural settlement

181

Beloyarsk district of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Kazymskaya s/a

219**

Agansko-Varyeganskaya

Surgutsky district of KHMNO, Novo-Agansky rural settlement

235

Nizhnevartovsk district of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Varyeganskaya, Aganskaya s/a; Surgutsky District of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Ugutskaya s/a

250**

Tromjeganskaya Street

The same, Tromjegansky s/s

30

Surgutsky district of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russian Agricultural District

11 **

Nazymsko-Lyaminskaya

Khanty-Mansiysk district, Nazymsky, Nyalinsky, Seliyarovsky rural districts; Surgutsky district, Sytom and a certain rural district.

128

Khanty-Mansiysk District of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Nazym, Nyalinskaya, Seliyarovskaya rural Districts; Surgut District of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Sytom and Nekaya Rural Districts

45**

Total

=1965

= 1982

-----

* By: [Vasiliev, 1973, p. 106].

** According to the Tyumen Regional State Statistics Committee: lists of rural localities by cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug as of 01.01.2003.

the village of the latter was counted separately only in 1957-1983, then - together with the inhabitants of the village of Kharampur. The Samburg group is excluded from the calculations, and information on it is provided together with information on Tundra Nenets.

According to official statistics, the highest absolute growth associated with the clarification of the number and relocation of forest Nenets from other regions (see above) occurred in the period 1957-1975 and amounted to 537 people (Figure 2). With the receipt of the status of a working settlement in Tarko-Sale in 1976, the Tarkosala Nenets were not taken into account among the rural population and belong to the urban category. Administrative changes were reflected in the graph by a sharp drop in the number of rural Nenets after 1975 (Figure 2). According to the data of the 2002 census [Totogi..., 2005], there were 562 Nenets in the Tarko-Sala settlement, and according to the data of the Committee for Indigenous Small - Numbered Peoples of the North as of 01.01.2004-974 people.

Figure 2. Population dynamics of the Purov forest Nenets according to economic accounting data, 1957-2004. a-total population; b - Kharampur and Vengapur tundras; c-Khalesovin tundra.

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In 2005, the Tarko-Salinsui group included Nenets living in the Vengapur tundra and registered in the town of Tarko-Sala (Table 1). In the rural areas of the Purovsky district, just over 1,000 forest Nenets lived in the 1990s-2000s (Figure 2).

Ethno-demographic characteristics

We analyzed the distribution of the Khalesov, Kharampurov, and Vengapurov forest Nenets by gender, age, and marital status, as well as family composition. Based on these data, the gender, age, marriage and family structures of the population are obtained, which affect its reproduction as a whole and the processes of fertility, mortality and marriage. At the same time, they themselves are the result of these processes and directly depend on them.

The gender and age structures of the considered groups of Nenets, represented graphically, differ from each other, but, nevertheless, they allow us to identify general demographic trends (Fig. 3-5). First of all, it should be noted that the ratio of age categories in all groups is almost the same and corresponds to the progressive type of age structure (Table 2). Due to the high proportion of children (approx.40%), the gender and age pyramids have a wide base (Fig. 3 - 5). However, already in the age groups older than 20 years, there is a decline in the population, while among men this process is more pronounced than among women. Median age (tab. 2) differs little from the data of the All-Russian Census for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, according to which this indicator is equal to 20 years for the Nenets [Results..., 2004, p.598].

The proportion of the population in the younger age groups indicates a high birth rate and low infant mortality as a result of improved health care. Among people of working age, especially those over 40, mortality is high, which indicates a low life expectancy. Thus, the average age of men of the forest Nenets of the Khalesov region who died in 2000-2004 was 43.4 years, and women - 62 years*. The calculated average age in all groups under consideration is equivalent to the duration of one generation-25 years (Table 2).

The numerical predominance of women over men remains in most age groups, increasing in older ones. The exception is made by the Vengapurov Nenets (Table 2). If there are 93-97 men per 100 women under the age of 14, then in the next age category (15-54 years) - 77-88 for Kharampurov and Khalesovinsky Nenets and 125 for Vengapurov. Analysis of the sex structure by age interval shows its dependence on the secondary sex ratio in the group under 14 years of age and on differences in mortality between older men and women. Due to the younger age group, the sex ratio in the entire population is 84-87 males per 100 females in the Kharampurov and Khalesovinsky Nenets and 108 - in the Vengapurov.

The available data allow us to present the marriage structure of the forest Nenets by identifying the following categories: those who are married, heads of single-parent families, those who live with relatives in the family, and those who are single (the last three include widows and divorcees who have not remarried, as well as those who have never been married). In the given data (tab. 3) there are clear differences between men and women. More than half of people of working age and older are married. The marriage structure of the Nenets was affected by a disparity in the sex ratio: there are more married women,

Table 2. Gender and age structure of the Kharampurov, Khalesovinsky and Vengapurovsky forest Nenets according to economic accounting data

Indicator

Kharampurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2004

Khalesovinsky Nenets as of 01.01.2005

Vengapurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2005

M

Zh

Total

M

Zh

Total

M

Zh

Total

Total population, pers.

167

198

365

218

250

468

151

140

291

The same thing, %

45,7

54,3

100

46,6

53,4

100

51,9

48,1

100

At the age of (years), %:

0 - 14

18,6

20,0

38,6

18,6

19,6

38,2

16,2

16,5

32,7

15 - 54

22,0

28,2

50,2

24,4

27,6

52,0

28,8

23,0

51,8

55 and older

4,4

5,2

9,6

3,4

5,8

9,2

4,5

6,2

10,7

Median value

17,5

20,0

19,0

17,0

19,5

19,0

21,0

21,0

21,0

Middle age

24,4

24,8

24,6

22,8

25,1

24,0

24,3

26,5

25,4

* Project... - p. 210.

page 148

Figure 3. Distribution of Kharampurov forest Nenets by gender and age according to household accounting data as of 01.01.2004 (share of the total number of men and women,%; share of people whose age is not specified, 1.6 %).

Figure 4. Distribution of the Khalesovin forest Nenets by gender and age according to the data of household accounting as of 01.01.2005 (share of the total number of men and women,%; share of people whose age is not specified, 0.6 %).

Figure 5. Distribution of Vengapurov forest Nenets by gender and age according to household accounting data as of 01.01.2005 (share of the total number of men and women,%; share of people whose age is not specified, 4.8 %).

than men. In addition, women are the heads of single - parent families 3 to 4 times more often than men, due to the low life expectancy of the latter. With increasing age (especially after 35 years) the number of women in this group is increasing. Either young people live with their relatives before marriage, or elderly and elderly people who can no longer manage their own household. The proportion of single people does not exceed 2.5% of the total number of men and women aged 15 years and older. As a rule, these people live in small towns. The distribution by age interval shows that men marry at the age of 20, while women marry earlier at the age of 16-19 (Table 3).

Most of the Nenets families at the beginning of the XXI century are nuclear families, including a married couple with or without children (Table 4). The second place is occupied by single-parent single-parent families with children. Complex full families, in addition to a married couple with children, include either side-line relatives, one of the spouses 'parents, or side-line relatives and one of the spouses' parents. Only three large complex families of two married couples were identified. There are the following types of complex single-parent families: mother with children and various relatives on the side, descending or ascending lines; brothers and sisters living together, aunt (uncle) with nephews. A significant proportion of single-parent families is mainly associated with high male mortality. The most common are families consisting of four and five people. The large size is achieved due to the number of children.

For simple reproduction of the population, the following distribution of families by number is necessary:

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Table 3. Marriage structure of Kharampurov, Khalesovinsky and Vengapurovsky forest Nenets according to economic accounting data, 2004-2005

Age, years

Kharampurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2004

Khalesovinsky Nenets on 01.01. 2005

Vengapurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2005

Married

Head of an incomplete family

Lives with relatives

Lonely (s)

Married

Head of an incomplete family

Lives with relatives

Lonely (s)

Married

Head of an incomplete family

Lives with relatives

Lonely (s)

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

15 - 19

-

1

-

-

19

23

-

-

-

3

-

-

33

29

-

-

1

-

-

18

15

-

-

20 - 24

2

2

-

2

7

12

-

1

7

7

-

-

15

13

1

2

5

10

1

1

16

5

-

-

25 - 29

6

13

-

1

3

2

-

-

6

10

3

2

4

7

2

-

5

7

1

1

5

-

-

-

30 - 34

11

8

-

1

2

-

-

-

8

10

1

4

3

1

-

-

7

6

-

-

2

1

-

-

35 - 39

7

11

1

2

-

-

1

-

9

8

-

6

-

-

-

-

6

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

40 - 44

7

5

-

3

1

-

-

-

8

11

-

8

-

-

-

-

7

7

-

-

-

-

1

-

45 - 49

5

5

1

1

1

-

-

-

7

3

-

-

-

-

1

-

6

6

-

1

-

-

-

-

50 - 54

6

9

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

5

1

3

-

-

2

-

3

1

-

1

1

1

-

-

55 - 59

6

4

-

5

-

1

-

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

-

-

5

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

60 - 64

2

2

-

-

-

3

-

-

2

1

-

1

-

3

1

-

3

2

-

2

-

-

-

1

65 - 69

2

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

-

1

2

1

5

-

1

1

1

-

1

-

-

-

1

70 and older

2

-

2

-

2

2

-

-

2

1

-

1

3

6

-

1

3

3

1

1

-

2

-

1

Total

56

61

4

15

35

43

1

2

57

62

7

28

60

65

7

4

51

50

3

8

42

24

1

3

-----

Notes. Among the Kharampurov Nenets, there are 217 persons aged 15 years and older, of which 96 are men and 121 are women; among the Khalesovin Nenets - 290, of which 131 are men and 159 are women; among the Vengapurov Nenets - 182, of which 97 are men and 85 are women. In the Kharampur and Khalesov groups, the difference in the number of married men and women is due to mixed marriages, while in the Vengapur group, the difference is due to the fact that the age is not specified.

Table 4. Family structure of Kharampurov, Khalesovinsky, Vengapurovsky forest Nenets according to economic accounting data, 2004-2005

Family type

Kharampurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2004

Khalesovinsky Nenets as of 01.01.2005

Vengapurovskie Nenets as of 01.01.2005

Number of families

%

Medium size

Number of families

%

Medium size

Number of families

%

Medium size

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Total families

72

100

4,75

71

100

4,98

63

100

4,6

Full simple

45

62,5

4,8

27

38,0

4,7

48

76,2

4,8

Married couple with children

40

55,5

5,15

21

29,6

5,5

39

62,0

5,5

Childless married couple

5

6,9

2,0

6

8,4

2,0

9

14,3

2,0

Full complex

9

12,5

6,4

13

18,3

7,2

4

6,3

6,25

Married couple with children and relatives on the side line

3

4,2

8,6

4

5,6

8,0

-

-

-

A married couple with children and one of the parents of the spouses

2

2,7

5,5

4

5,6

8,25

2

3,2

9,5

A married couple with children, one of the spouses ' parents, and relatives on the side line

1

1,4

-

1

1,4

-

-

-

-

Childless married couple and other relatives

2

2,7

3,0

2

2,8

3,0

2

3,2

3,0

page 150

End of Table 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Two or more married couples with children

1

1,4

-

2

2,8

8,0

-

-

-

Incomplete simple version

14

19,4

4,07

20

28,2

4,1

11

17,5

2,7

Mother with children

12

16,6

4,08

17

24,0

4,05

9

14,3

2,8

Father with children

2

2,7

4,0

3

4,2

4,3

2

3,2

2,0

Incomplete complex

4

5,5

2,75

11

15,5

4,5

-

-

-

Mother (father) with children, grandchildren

1

1,4

-

2

2,8

4,0

-

-

-

Mother (father) with children, one of her parents

-

-

-

2

2,8

4,5

-

-

-

Mother (father) with children, one of whom is married

-

-

-

1

1,4

-

-

-

-

Mother with children and other relatives

-

-

-

3

4,2

6,3

-

-

-

Brother and sister or brothers, nephews

3

4,2

2,6

1

1,4

-

-

-

-

Aunt (uncle) and nephews

-

-

-

2

2,8

2,0

-

-

-

children under 18 years of age: childless-4 %, with one child-10, with two children-35, three-35, four-14, five or more-2 %; or each family should have an average of 2.6 children [Borisov, 1987, p. 203]. In general, it is necessary that the share of medium and large families should be at least 51 %. To analyze the nature of reproduction by the level of childhood, full families were taken in which both parents are at the reproductive age (for men it is 20-55 years, for women - 20 - 50). Their share was 52-62 % of the total number of families in the considered groups. The evaluation of the data obtained showed that the real structure of families does not correspond to the above proportions (Figure 6). However, on average, one family has from 3.2 to 3.5 children under the age of 18 (including foster children), and the share of medium and large families is about 60 % (only the Khalesovin Nenets have 56.7 % ), which should provide slightly extended reproduction. The maximum number of children under the age of 18 in a family is eight. The childless category is represented by married couples of young people (under 25 years of age) who have recently married.

A comparison of the results obtained with the data for 1971 for the forest Nenets of the Verkhnepurovsky rural district (800 people) indicates a deterioration in some demographic indicators during the last third of the XX century, namely, the average and median ages of the population decreased, and the sex ratio changed in the direction of the numerical superiority of women over men (Figure 7). The average age was The median age was 28 years, and the median age was 23 years; there were 95 males for every 100 females. The family structure was simplified by reducing the number of complex families, and the number of single-parent families consisting of women with children increased (Table 5). At the same time, in the early 1970s, an average of 2.8 children under the age of 18 per family accounted for less than at the beginning of the XXI century. The share of families with one child was 18.6 %, with two children - 25.8%, three - 17.5%, four - 3.1%, five or more - 14.4%, childless - 20.6%. In general, 35% of medium - sized and large families were married. This situation can be explained by the underestimation of children born in the tundra. Nevertheless, an analysis of modern gender and age structures

6. Distribution of families of the Purov forest Nenets by the number of children under 18 years of age. a - kharampurovskiye; b - khalesovinskiye; c-vengapurovskiye.

page 151

Figure 7. Distribution of forest Nenets of Verkhnepurovsky rural district by gender and age according to the data of household accounting as of 01.01.1971 (share of the total number of men and women,%).

This indicates a real increase in the birth rate in the 1980s and 1990s compared to the 1970s.

As for the ethnic composition of families in the territory of forest Nenets ' residence under consideration, purely Nenets families predominate among them (Table 6). Poor conditions and lack of developed infrastructure in the centers of rural districts in places of traditional settlement of the Nenets made them unattractive for the newcomer population. In contrast to Tarko-Sale village, marriages of Nenets with Russians, Tatars, and Ukrainians began to take place relatively recently in Kharampur and Khalyasavey villages. As in other areas of settlement of the Nenets, such families live in settlements, and not in the tundra. At the same time, Nenets women are more likely than men to marry Russians (Table 6). More than half of mixed marriages are between Nenets and Selkups. This is due to the fact that in the Middle Pur basin (Aivasedapur and Yerkalnadeypur rivers), in the upper Chaselka River reaches, there is a border between the settlement of forest Nenets and Turukhansk-Taz Selkups [Karapetova, 1985, p.68; Vasiliev, 1985, p. 84].

As the analysis of children's nationality shows, when mixed marriages of the Nenets with representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North (Selkups,

See Table 5. Family structure of the forest Nenets of Verkhnepurovsky rural district as of 01.01.1971

Family type

Number of families

%

Medium size

Total families

154

100

4,9

Full simple

75

48,7

4,7

Married couple with children

60

39,0

5,4

Childless married couple

15

9,7

2,1

Full complex

43

27,9

6,2

Married couple with children and relatives on the side line

8

5,2

5,6

Married couple with children and grandchildren

2

1,3

6,5

A married couple with children and one of the parents of the spouses

9

5,8

5,8

A married couple with children, one of the spouses ' parents, and relatives on the side line

4

2,6

7,8

Childless married couple and other relatives

9

5,8

3,54

Two or more married couples with children

11

7,2

8,4

Incomplete simple version

18

11,7

3,7

Mother with children

13

8,4

3,9

Father with children

5

3,3

3,2

Incomplete complex

18

11,7

3,7

Mother (father) with children and grandchildren

1

0,6

Mother (father) with children, one of whom is married

5

3,3

5,8

Mother (father) with children and other relatives

2

1,3

5,0

Brother and Sister

4

2,7

2,0

Grandma and her grandchildren

6

3,8

2,3

page 152

Table 6. National composition of forest Nenets farms 1

National composition

Khalesovskie Islands

Harampurovskie

Vengapurovskie

Number of families

%

Number of families

%

Number of families

%

Total families

120

100

85

100

67

100

single-national ones

82

68,4

76

89,4

67

100

international organizations

38

31,6

9

10,6

-

-

Nenets

82

68,4

-

-

-

-

Nenets-Selkups

11

9,2

2

2,4

-

-

Selkups-Khanty-Nenets 2

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Russian-Nenets

4

3,4

2

2,4

-

-

Nenets-Russians

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Nenets-mari 3

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Nenets-Evenki 4

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Nenets-Nanaytsy 5

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Selkups-Nenets

11

9,2

5

5,8

-

-

Khanty-Nenets

3

2,5

-

-

-

-

Russkie-Nenets-Selkups 6

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

Ukrainians-Nenets

2

1,7

-

-

-

-

Nenets-Tatars

1

0,8

-

-

-

-

-----

1 In households where people of different nationalities live, if there is a married couple in them, the nationality of the husband was put first, in single-parent families-the head of the household, in single-parent families that include a mother with children - the nationality of the children.

2 The head of the Selkup family, his wife a Khanty woman, and his wife's children from his first marriage are recorded by the Nenets.

3 Family of a grandmother with grandchildren, one of whom is recorded as Marie.

4 An incomplete family consisting of a mother with children registered as Evenks.

5 Incomplete family consisting of a mother with children, the child from the first marriage is registered as a Nanai.

6 The husband is Russian, the wife is Nenka, the children of the wife from the first marriage are Selkups.

khantov et al.), the rule remains to record the child's father's nationality. Since the number of Nenets-Selkup and Selkup-Nenets families and children in them is the same, this does not affect the number of groups of Nenets under consideration. In Russian-Nenets families, children receive the mother's nationality, which is due to social reasons, but few such cases have been identified. In general, mixed marriages do not significantly affect the number of forest Nenets living in rural areas.

Conclusion

Quantitative characteristics of the forest Nenets, obtained from various sources, indicate that in the XX century. there was no significant increase in their numbers. Limiting factors are, on the one hand, assimilation processes, especially intense in the peripheral areas of their range, and, on the other hand, high mortality among the working - age population. According to the identified sources and field materials, at the beginning of the XXI century, the number of forest Nenets is ca. 2 thousand, which is about 7% of the total number of Siberian Nenets. The most numerous group is the Purovsky forest Nenets, which live compactly in the territory of the Purovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.

In the last third of the XX - beginning of the XXI century, there was a situation when, on the one hand, the level of childbearing families and the age structure of forest Nenets suggest a significant increase in the population, on the other hand, there is an insignificant average annual growth rate. This is mainly due to the high mortality rate and low life expectancy observed for all indigenous peoples of the North since the late 1980s.An analysis of the distribution of the Purov forest Nenets by gender, age, relation to marriage and family composition shows a deterioration in all indicators over the past 30 years. The data obtained coincide with the characteristics of the sedentary population of the tundra group of the Nenets.

page 153

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