The paronyms under consideration have existed in the Russian language since ancient times and were first recorded in explanatory dictionaries in the XVIII century. The most commonly used adjective among them is double. Over the past centuries, quite significant changes have naturally taken place in its semantics and the range of its lexical compatibility with nouns has expanded many times. Modern explanatory dictionaries distinguish this word, as a rule, three meanings, while noting some lexical shades. It seems more appropriate to distinguish the following four values::

1. Twice as large, doubled in size; doubled.

2. Consisting of two homogeneous or similar parts, objects.

3. Manifesting in two types, forms, containing two sides; twofold.

4. Insincere, duplicitous, hypocritical.

Abstract nouns that combine with this paronym in the first sense include, first of all, the following words: work, price, payment, tax, salary, rate (in taxation, as well as in gambling), size, norm, portion of something, dose of something, fine, responsibility, load, taxing, cheating, killing, breaking, jumping, turning, somersaulting, somersaulting, etc. Together with adjectives and corresponding verbs, they form, in particular, the following commonly used verb-nominal phrases: perform double work, pay double price, receive double salary, eat a double portion of something, take a double dose of something, pay a double fine, fulfill a double norm, bear a double responsibility for something. take responsibility, handle a double load, avoid double taxation, commit a double murder, get a double fracture, perform a double somersault, make a double jump, etc. Here are some examples from contemporary fiction and periodicals:

"The Moscow government will receive a double tax on one liter of fuel in the budget" (Izvestia. 1997. December 27); "A woman carries a double burden-at home and at work (often unloved)" (Home hearth. 1999. May); "The agreements provide for the release of-

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protection of citizens from double taxation " (Izvestiya. 1994. May 28); "A double murder was committed yesterday in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow region" (Metro. 2000. March 2); "Denis broke his leg, he had some kind of complex double fracture" (P. Dashkova. No one will cry); "Over time, he (Nikolai) began to invest his spare money in a marketable product, which he slowly sold with a double promotion through retail" (M. Anisov. Ill-fated inheritance).

In the second sense, the adjective double is combined mainly with specific nouns: doors, frames, walls, curtains, curtains, paneling (ship's hull), film, number, fence, fence, barrier, lock, knot, seam, mirror, first name, last name, etc. For example: "Part of the house he (Kawashima) provided with double walls, where he hid the stairs... "(Yu. Nagibin. The mysterious house); "Through the double frames, you could hear rooks and starlings singing in the garden" (A. Chekhov. Bishop); "The leak did not occur due to the double hull covering and the viscous bottom "(Today. 1994. June 23); "Katya is married and has a double surname" (V. Kaverin. Two captains); "The industry produces a double film, it can be adapted, but where to get money, everything depends on money" (L. Petrushevskaya. Hygiene).

It is interesting to note that some explanatory dictionaries (in particular, MAC and the Large Explanatory Dictionary edited by S. Kuznetsov) note the following as a shade of this meaning:" Directed at two objects, in two places or from two sides, from two places " (double blow, light, check). However, BAS-2 does not distinguish this shade of meaning, but considers the specified phrases (also double bottom, double chin, and double stars ). as sustainable, and this seems to us quite reasonable.

In relation to the third meaning, the following abstract nouns are used with the adjective double: meaning, purpose, task, benefit, benefit, joy, sorrow, victory, defeat, punishment, obstacle, assessment, holiday, anniversary, citizenship, purpose (when using, applying something), action (about machines, mechanisms), the principle and some others. These nouns, together with the adjective double, are part of a number of typical verbal-nominal phrases: to have a double meaning, to set a double task, to pursue a double goal, to receive a double benefit, to bring a double benefit, to experience double joy, to experience double sorrow, to win a double victory, to suffer a double defeat, to overcome a double obstacle, to put someone in danger. double penalty, give a double rating, celebrate a double holiday, celebrate a double anniversary, have dual citizenship, etc. Let's illustrate this point with quotes from contemporary fiction and periodicals:

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"You should not complicate your task, make it double" (B. Akunin. Decorator); "Nastya pursued a double goal" (A. Marinina. A combination of circumstances); "So from April, Moldovans will get a double benefit" (World in a week. 1999. December 25); " Pop and soap opera lovers have a double holiday today "(Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1997. 19 Dec.);

"People looked at Louis with a double feeling of admiration and pity: he was leaving to meet his death" (I. Ehrenburg. Tempest); "At that time, of course, I did not know the double meaning of Andersen's fairy tales." Paustovsky. Storyteller); "The project has a double calculus principle" (Today. 1994. May 28); "For the first time, the candidate, if he is a citizen of another state, that is, has dual citizenship, is obliged to inform about this" (Mir for a week. 1999. October 9).

As for the fourth meaning of the adjective double ("insincere, duplicitous, hypocritical"), this meaning combines a very limited range of abstract nouns: life, game, morality, standard, score. Together with the adjective under consideration and some verbs, these nouns form the following common verb-nominal phrases: lead a double life, play a double game, adhere to a double morality, use a double standard, live according to a double standard, adhere to a double standard, apply a double standard in something, in relation to someone, keep a double score. Here are some examples: "A double life is not conducive to peace of mind" (Worker. 1998. October); "Now that it is known who NN is, the probability of a double game seemed insignificant" (B. Akunin. Death of Achilles); "Sizov is a strong man, devoid of double morality" (O. Ryazanov. Behind the screen); "Endlessly fighting against violence in the world around me, I suddenly realized that I live by a double standard" (M. Arbatova. I am 40 years old...); " As commissar of the corps, Hetmanov kept a self-evident double counting: this is due to me, this is allowed to others " (V. Cardin. Life is freedom...).

Let us turn to the consideration of the adjective dual. BAS-2, MAC and BTS (with some variations) distinguish two meanings of this word:

1. One that combines two different qualities that often contradict each other.

2. Duplicitous (MAC and BTS) or Hypocritical, insincere; duplicitous (BAS-2).

However, the validity of highlighting the second meaning in these dictionaries is not supported by any quotations from fiction and journalism (probably due to their absence). Our file also does not contain examples with the paronym ambivalent, meaning "hypocritical, insincere, duplicitous".

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All this calls into question the expediency of allocating the second value. Therefore, it is quite reasonable, in our opinion, that the one-volume explanatory dictionaries of S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, as well as V. V. and L. E. Lopatin, are limited to only one meaning of the adjective dual: "Leaning both in one direction and in the other; contradictory". This wording (originally contained in Ushakov's Dictionary) does not actually differ in meaning from the above-mentioned interpretation of the first meaning of this word in BAS-2, MAC and BTS.

Thus, the range of nouns combined with the paronym dual includes the following words: feeling, sensation, impression, decision, policy, position, behavior, attitude to someone-something-L., approach K. to whom-to what-L., the character of what-L., the nature of what-L., the image of whom-L., nature, personality, and some others. These abstract nouns, together with the adjective dual, are included in the corresponding verb-nominal phrases: to experience a dual feeling, sensation, make a dual impression on someone L., make a dual decision, pursue a dual policy in relation to someone-something-L., take a dual position in relation to someone-something-L., note the dual behavior of someone-something-L.L., pay attention to the dual relationship of someone-L. to someone-what-L., observe the dual character, nature of what-L. etc. Here are some examples: "The adopted boy caused him (Nikolai) a twofold feeling: pity and hatred" (M. Anisov. The ill-fated inheritance); "This first meeting gave me an ambivalent impression: I was both happy and proud to have seen Tolstoy, but his conversation with me was somewhat like an exam" (m. Bitter. Leo Tolstoy); "Poli formed a stately, but somewhat ambivalent image of Alexander Yakovlevich Graziyansky" (L. Leonov. Russian forest).

As for the paronym twofold, all explanatory dictionaries distinguish one meaning from it: "Appearing in two forms; double", which coincides with the third meaning of the paronym double. However, the circle of nouns used with the adjective twofold only partially coincides with the circle of nouns combined with the adjective double in the specified meaning. Only the following nouns are common to both paronyms: meaning, benefit, benefit, purpose. In addition, the paronym twofold also combines such abstract nouns: fate, process, outcome, system, method, and some others. The listed nouns, together with the paronym dvoyakiy and the corresponding verbs, form the following verb-nominal phrases: to have a double meaning, to invest in something. twofold meaning, to receive twofold benefit, to bring twofold benefit, to pursue twofold

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a goal, to have a twofold fate, to observe a twofold process, to have a twofold outcome, to achieve something. in two ways, manifest in two ways. At the same time, the first five verb-nominal phrases with the paronym twofold are synonymous with similar phrases with the paronym double. Let's illustrate the use of the adjective twofold with a few quotes.

"We may be talking about another political campaign with a twofold goal" (Obshchaya Gazeta. 1999. No. 2); "Borrowed words in the Russian literary language had a twofold fate" (Russkaya rech. 1998. N 3); "Embarrassment manifests itself in two ways: either we behave quieter than water, lower than grass, or, on the contrary, we behave defiantly" (Profile. 1999. N 3); "Of course, it is possible to introduce a twofold system of judicial proceedings - for "friends" and for "strangers" "(Izvestia. 1999. 5 Apr.).

It is interesting to note that sometimes there are cases of erroneous use of the adjective twofold instead of its paronym dual in the phrase make an impression. For example: "In general, the women's tournament made a double impression" (World for a week. 1999. October 30). Here, of course, it means that there were both positive and negative aspects in the tournament, i.e. there was a certain contradiction, which is characteristic of the semantics of the adjective dual, and not twofold.

In addition to the three adjectives considered, the use of which causes certain difficulties, this paronymic series also includes the adjective binary and the adjectivated participles doubled and doubled.

The adjective binary has the meaning: "Based on counting by twos" and is used exclusively in scientific and technical literature, being part of some terms: binary calculus, binary fraction, binary code, binary encoding, etc.

As for the paronym doubled, it has two meanings:

1. Twice as large, doubled in size; double.

2. Reinforced, highly magnified.

It should be noted that the range of nouns combined with this paronym in the first meaning almost does not coincide with the range of nouns used with the adjective double in the same meaning: guard, guard, outfit, number of someone-something-L., number of someone-something-L., weight, composition of something-L., amount what-L., capital, bet (in gambling). These nouns, together with the paronym doubled, are part of the following verb-nominal phrases: put up a double guard, put up a double guard, send a double police squad somewhere, train a double number of specialists, withstand a double weight of something (about what-l).

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collect double the amount of taxes, play (at the casino) at double the bid, etc.

The first value, in addition, has the following shade::

"Repeated twice (about letters, sounds)". For example: double the " n " in the numeral eleven.

In the second meaning ("enhanced, greatly increased") with the paronym doubled, the following abstract nouns are used: attention, curiosity, caution, vigilance, energy, strength, speed, effort, and some others. These noun phrases, in turn, are components of the corresponding verb-noun phrases: follow someone-than-L. with double attention, observe someone-than-L. with double curiosity, do something-L. with double caution, show double vigilance, take something-L. with double energy, drive at twice the speed, put in twice the effort to achieve something. etc.

The last member of the paronymic series, the adjectivated participle dual, although it appeared in Russian more than two hundred years ago (first noted in the Nordsteth Dictionary in 1780), has not become widespread. Obviously, this is why the MAC and single-volume explanatory dictionaries of Ozhegov and Lopatins do not contain this word at all. As for BAS, he gives the following interpretation of the paronym double: "Consisting of two homogeneous objects; double, doubled." Its range of compatibility with nouns is very limited: double thread, double draw, double reaper, double magazine number, double rows, double pawns and pieces (in chess). In addition, in the colloquial speech of teachers and students, the phrases double classes, double lessons, double lectures (without the usual break) are often used.

Summarizing the above, it can be stated that the paronyms considered, despite the partial coincidence of meanings, quite clearly show a tendency to delineate the circle of their compatibility with nouns, which sharply limits the possibility of forming synonymous constructions.

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