The article is devoted to the research of three medieval shipwrecks in the Crimean water area, discovered at a depth of more than 80 m. In the course of the research, modern technical means were used, and a comprehensive analysis of the archaeological material was initiated. The first shipwreck, Chersonesos-A, is dated to the X-XI centuries. thanks to the preserved cargo of Taman-type pitchers. The second shipwreck, the Byzantine ship of Foros, is dated to the 13th century on the basis of amphora containers and radiocarbon dating. The third shipwreck was discovered in 2015 on the beam of Balaklava and dated to the second half of the X-XI century.

Keywords: shipwreck, deep-sea research, underwater archeology, Taman-type jugs, medieval amphorae.

MEDIEVAL DEEP SEA SHIPWRECKS IN THE WATERS OF THE CRIMEA

Viktor VAKHONEEV, Victor LEBEDINSKI

The article is devoted to the investigations of three medieval shipwrecks in the waters of the Crimea, discovered at the depth more than 80 m. Modern technologies were applied and comprehensive analysis of sunken archaeological material was initiated. The first shipwreck, Chersonesos-A, is dated to the tenth-eleventh centuries due to the safety of the cargo jars of the Taman type. The second shipwreck, Foros Byzantine, is dated to the thirteenth century on the basis of the amphorae materials and radiocarbon analysis. The third shipwreck was found in 2015 near Balaklava and dated the first half of the eleventh century.

Keywords: shipwreck, deep sea research, underwater archaeology, Taman type jars, medieval amphorae.

Over the past few years, archaeological science has been enriched by several underwater finds of ancient shipwrecks discovered in the waters of the Northern Black Sea region. The earliest of them, discovered in 2012 in the water area of the Kinburnskaya Spit (Mykolaiv region), contained a cargo of Phasos and Chios amphorae of the third quarter of the fifth century BC. Another ancient shipwreck is located near the island of Zmeiny (antique Levka) at a depth of just over 34 m. The object is an accumulation of ceramic containers in the form of an elongated ellipse that follows the contours of the hull of an antique sailboat measuring 24 × 8 m in the second half of the IV century BC, with a cargo of Peparet amphorae and black-lacquer dishes [Tereshchenko, 2013, pp. 297-300]. Interesting results were obtained by recent studies in the water area of ancient Phanagoria. Here the shipwreck of the only known warships of the ancient period in the Northern Black Sea region was revealed - a small ship with a bronze battering ram

VAKHONEEV Viktor Vasilyevich-Candidate of Historical Sciences, Deputy Director for Research - Head of the Department of Underwater Archeology of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Black Sea Center for Underwater Research", vakhonieiev@gmail.com.

Viktor Viktorovich LEBEDINSKY-Candidate of Historical Sciences, Deputy Director for Research - Head of the Underwater Archeology Department of the Sudak Fortress Museum-Reserve, Research Associate of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

VIKTOR VAKHONEEV - PhD (in History). Deputy Director - Head of Underwater Archaeology Department of SBI RC "Black Sea Underwater Research Center", vakhonieiev@gmail.com.

Victor LEBEDINSKI - PhD (in History), Deputy Director Head of Underwater Archaeology Department of SBI RC "Black Sea Underwater Research Center"; Research Ecllow, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS, Moscow.

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late II-early I centuries BC [Olkhovsky, 2012, p. 22-26; Olkhovsky, 2014, p. 65]. Finally, for a long time in the Novosvetskaya Bay near Sudak, at a depth of up to 12 m, research has been conducted on the remains of a medieval shipwreck of the XIII century. [Zelenko, 2008, p. 129-140].

In the light of the above, it is necessary to introduce into scientific circulation information about the research of two more shipwrecks of the medieval period, which for various reasons remained unpublished for a long time in specialized publications, as well as about the shipwreck identified in 2015. The uniqueness of the research conducted on these shipwrecks lies in their considerable depth, which for a long time was considered inaccessible for scientific archaeological research. Nevertheless, the hydrogen sulfide layer, which is saturated with the depths of the Black Sea, serves as a unique natural preservative for all archaeological materials that fell into the basin in historical times. At one time, V. D. Blavatsky dreamed of conducting deep-sea research in the hope of finding ancient manuscripts transported on ancient ships [Blavatsky and Koshelenko, 1963, p.100; Blavatsky, 1964, p. 64]. Only recently has an arsenal of available modern technical means appeared in the hands of specialists, allowing them to conduct not only exploration, but also the entire complex of underwater research.

The Black Sea water has a stable structure of different layers with complex hydrochemical differences. These layers are classified according to the concentration of oxygen dissolved in them (oxygen, low-oxygen, and oxygen-free layers). The warm top layer with dissolved oxygen, the saturation of which gradually decreases with increasing depth, is located from the water surface to a depth of 50 m, and in some places - up to 150 m. Many marine organisms that pose a threat to underwater archaeological sites, such as shipworms, can only comfortably exist in the upper layers of the oxygen zone. Below it is a layer with a low oxygen content, with a thickness of 20 to 60 m, which has a low level of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water. The oxygen-free layer begins at a depth of 75 to 180 m and contains hydrogen sulfide, the saturation of which increases with depth. This layer covers depths of up to 2000 m and reaches the bottom of the Black Sea. It can provide an extremely favorable environment for preserving ancient metals and organics on the bottom. Considering this factor, the discovery of any ancient shipwreck allows you to discover quite unique elements of the material culture of the past, starting from the peculiarities of shipbuilding and ending with the personal belongings of crew members.

In recent years, several very successful deep-sea expeditions have been conducted in the Crimean water area: hundreds of objects have been discovered, several dozen of which have already been identified. For the first time, underwater excavations were conducted at a depth of more than 100 m.

Thus, in 2006-2007, during surveys of depths from 100 m in the water area of the southwestern Crimea, a joint international expedition revealed the place of death of a small ship with a cargo of Taman-type pitchers, which received the conditional name "Chersonesos-A". It was discovered at a depth of 139 m, 12 nautical miles off the coast of Sevastopol (Fig. 1). The object was visually examined in May 2006 by remote-controlled underwater vehicles "Hercules" and "Argus" after geoacoustic scanning of the bottom. Based on the cargo of the sunken ship, which consisted of one-handed jugs, the monument was dated to the X-XI centuries AD.

In the first year of research, the visible part of the monument consisted of two elevations formed by cargo, occupying an area of approximately 7 × 3 m in size, with 60 (according to preliminary estimates in 2006) one-handed flat-bottomed jugs. Several large wooden beams, located on top of the hills, were originally taken for modern ones. At the same time, the end time of several

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the wooden fragments that protruded along the outer perimeter suggested that at least some part of the ship's hull was preserved.

Fig. 1. Shipwreck location map.

After detailed recording of the shipwreck "Chersonesos-A" and taking samples from the bottom of the monument, the first stage of its comprehensive study was started. The ship was small in size-about 7 m long and 2.5-3 m wide.

The first task was to conduct a multi-beam sonar survey in a 1-square-kilometer area around the object. The location of the sunken ship, lying on a north-east - south-west axis, and the adjacent sea floor were virtually flat. The upper sediments on the bottom were grayish-yellow in color with areas of light and dark sand.

To map the area, we used the method of drawing up a photomosaic (Fig. 2), divided into 8 zones oriented along the axis of the ship. Zones 7 and 8 on the south-eastern side were identified as areas on the starboard and port sides of the ship. The use of a traditional archaeological grid of squares on a sunken object with the involvement of a remote-controlled vehicle system proved ineffective, and therefore the entire area was divided into zones (Fig. 3).

On the photo mosaic of the site, before the archaeological intervention, it was possible to count about 90 jugs. Following archaeological investigations, evidence of at least one more layer of the same jars and possibly a third layer beneath it has been found, potentially giving a total of more than 200 jars. Their dimensions reach from 40 to 49 cm, and the maximum diameters are 19-22 cm.

These jars represent one of the most common types of ceramic containers of the medieval period. In the literature, this ceramic form is called red clay jugs with flat handles (Antonova et al., 1971,

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p. 91], amphora jugs (Zelenko, 2001, p. 83), or Taman-type jugs named after one of their distribution regions.

2. Photomosaic of the shipwreck of Chersonesos-A.

These are tall vessels with an elongated throat and a small diameter bottom and throat. The shoulders of the vessels are flat. The vessels are one-handed, the handles are flat and wide, with one end attached to the shoulders, and the other-approximately to the middle of the throat. The corolla in such vessels is a single-row or double-row roller. A single-row roller is sometimes divided into two halves by a deep groove; when these grooves deepen and expand, the roller becomes a double-row roller (Pletneva, 1963, p. 52; Pletneva, 1996; Antonova et al., 1971, p. 92).

Flat-handled pitchers were distributed mainly in large centers of Tavrika, the Taman Peninsula, the Azov Sea region, and the Don Region (Yakobson, 1979, p. 33; Chkhaidze, 2008a, p. 403-404; Naumenko, 2009, p. 54-57; Naumenko, 2010, p.327). The existing morphological types of these jugs do not allow us to speak about their chronological differentiation at the moment, since, for example, in the port part of Sugdea in closed complexes there were very different variants of the corollas of these vessels [Maiko, 2013, p.98].

According to A. L. Yakobson, this type of jug is no younger than the end of the VIII-beginning of the IX century, they were even more widespread in the IX and especially in the X century, and in Sarkel and Taman (Tamatarkha-Tmutarakan) they survived until the end of the XI century (Yakobson, 1979, pp. 32-33). The dating suggested by A. L. Yakobson in the 8th-10th centuries was corrected by I. A. Baranov (the second half of the 9th-10th centuries) [Baranov, 1990], a group of "Chersonese" authors [Antonova et al., 1971, p. 92] - the 8th-beginning of the 12th century, and S. A. Pletneva (the end of the 9th-end of the 11th century). [Pletneva, 1963, p. 54]. The time of the appearance of pitchers in Chersonesos is the last third of the IX century. [Sedikova, 1997, p. 13-14; Naumenko, 2009, p. 54-56]. At the present stage of research, it is believed that they appeared in Taurica in the third quarter of the IX century and were actively used until the last quarter of the XI century [Maiko, 2013, p. 98; Naumenko, 2009, p. 57].

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Fig. 3. Stage plans of Chersonesos-A excavations.

Their production centers are not precisely identified. In historiography, it was suggested that they were made in several centers: Tamatarkh, Sarkel, and Chersonese (Yakobson, 1979, p. 33; Parshina, 1991, p. 80). Today, most researchers agree that the center or centers of their production were located on the Taman Peninsula, possibly on the territory of the Kerch Peninsula [Maiko, 2013, p. 98-99; Naumenko, 2009, p. 53-54; Chkhaidze, 2008, p.401-402].

During archaeological research, the remains of petroleum resin on the inner surface of jars were often recorded. The conducted analyses confirmed the proximity of this resin to the oil fields of the Taman Peninsula (Naumenko, 2010: 324-328).

No tar or other indication of their original contents was found in the jars recovered from the Chersonesus-A shipwreck during underwater research. In addition, excavations at the site also revealed no signs of traffic jams. During the excavations, some of the ceramic vessels were moved from the sunken ship to the site of their storage under water near the object. Most of the jars were moved from zones 1 and 3, while a smaller number were moved from Zone 2 to open the ship structure below and assess its safety. Limiting the lifting of artefacts to the surface and the amount of excavation on the site to certain zones was a conscious choice, which aimed to assess the long-term impact of archaeological intervention on the site when returning to the sunken ship, being aware of the fact that the artefacts themselves helped to preserve the lower hull structure.

After mapping and video documentation, the 24 jars were moved to a storage area located approximately five meters northwest of the sunken ship. This was carried out using the TPA "Hercules" with the help of

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a specially designed tool with a suction cup (fig. 4). Then they were labeled, photographed, and measured with a laser ruler.

Figure 4. Moving pitchers under water

The work was interrupted due to unforeseen technical circumstances: it was impossible to use the specially designed net for storing pitchers, which was placed near the monument, for its intended purpose. Two jugs, which were assigned the ciphers AAB and ABJ, were brought to the surface (Figure 5).
One of the most important discoveries at the site was that fragments of wood on the monument, which were originally considered modern, turned out to be part of an ancient ship. At these depths, the surrounding conditions are extremely favorable for the preservation of organic materials, although in some places ancient wood was inevitably confused with accumulated branches, leaves and other alluvial debris. Only one small piece of wood was found near the remains of the ship's hull covering, damaged by the ship's worm teredo navalis, but it may have been among the alluvial materials.

At the time of the research, the remote-controlled Hercules spacecraft did not have the tools to excavate the ship's hull with the delicacy required by modern archaeological standards. However, it was possible to discover enough fragments of wood to establish that the ship had both nagels and metal fastening parts, from which only corrosion products were found. However, to fully understand the design of the ship, the excavations carried out were not enough. It is difficult to judge even the exact purpose of some of the large fragments of wood, one of which (large fragment AAA) probably did not originally come from a sunken ship. Preliminary studies suggest that the ship is lying on the port side. Vertical wood fragments (futoxs?) exposed on the starboard aft section (zones 1 and 3) are

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frame, internal and external skinning of the ship's bottom. The ship's wood is quite fragile, but it still shows traces of tool processing.

5. Taman-type pitchers raised to the surface.

The discovered wreck is an interesting object for studying the maritime history of the Black Sea region. Currently, only the 11th-century shipwreck at Serce Limani (Bass et al., 2004) and the 9th-century shipwreck at Bozburun, which were studied in Turkish waters, provide extensive studies of similar early medieval shipwrecks and their cargo. We should also mention the recent archaeological investigations in the sandy-covered port of Yeni Kapi in Istanbul (Pulak et al., 2013). Few finds of ceramic material from the 9th-11th centuries. Although there is evidence of possible shipwrecks of this period in this area in the Sudak water area [Zelenko, 2009], no specific objects have been found so far.

Further research and full excavation of the Chersonesos-A shipwreck will provide a potential opportunity to add to our knowledge of early Medieval navigation, trade, and environmental conditions in the Black Sea in the future. In addition, field testing and evaluation of deep-sea excavation tools and state-of-the-art software that allows remote excavation were important results of the research.

Upon completion of excavations at the site, the monument was preserved with a protective layer of soil before lifting remote-controlled vehicles to the surface. Samples of silt and water were taken, and materials were left on the monument for experiments on the rate of decomposition of various substances (wood, metal, fabric). The study of the shipwreck is important for understanding the processes that affect archaeological artifacts in the Black Sea, such as those located at a depth of 135 m in low-oxygen water, between oxygen and acid-free-

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native layers of the water column. Dynamic processes in the low-oxygen water layer are currently being investigated in the context of Black Sea oceanography, and this wreck provides an opportunity to understand this dynamic environment at the level of a single archaeological site.

Experimental materials were left at the wreck to determine the mechanics and degree of decomposition of various artefacts and materials of the ship's structure in the ground and in open water. The first set of experimental materials consisted of cylindrical rods that were inserted into the ground near the monument. Modern test steel cylinders were strung on four rods, and modern wood samples were strung on four others. At certain intervals (once every 10 years), it is planned to lift one rod of each type for analysis.

The second type of samples left near the monument should help determine the degree and rate of decomposition of substances. These samples were developed as duplicates of the above rods with additional materials. Samples for analysis were attached to panels inside open boxes that were installed on the sea floor. One of the panels is in direct contact with the soil, while the others are left in open water. The test samples include a rawhide fragment, bone, pine, oak, copper, lead, steel, and barley. These samples are also planned to be lifted during subsequent expeditions to the site in order to characterize the probable state of the archaeological material hidden at the site.

Eight soil samples were collected from the shipwreck site and a water sample was taken. The water sample was analyzed using a mass spectrometer to detect traces of metal and concentrations of rare earth elements that did not exceed the norm. Soil samples were taken at the site, as well as at a distance of 5 and 10 m from it. These samples were tested for organic matter content, redox conditions, mineralogy, and micromorphology. Based on the results, it was found that the processes in the sediments that affect the sunken ship and the conditions outside the monument were close to identical.

In 2008, deep-sea archaeological surveys were conducted in the waters of the Southern coast of Crimea. At the final stage of research on the traverse of the village. Foros, 16 km from the coast, a sonogram of an unnatural object located at a depth of 128 m was made with side-view sonar. [Voronov et al., 2008, p. 49, photo 18]. On it, the remains of a wooden sailing and rowing ship, which later became known as the Foros Byzantine, were clearly visible. The size of the object according to the sonogram is 32.4 × 6.2 × 1.2 m.

In 2009, the object was examined by the TPA "Sophocles" [Voronov, 2009, p.5-7]. Based on a visual inspection of the shipwreck site, it was found that the shipwreck lies on a course of 140°, the shipwreck itself is covered with 70% silt and looks like a large dune from the side, from which wooden fragments of the spar and ship's kit protrude in different directions. Since the bow and stern parts of the vessel were hidden by bottom sediments, it is likely that the actual length of the object could reach up to 40 m.

With the help of the TPA video camera, well - preserved fragments of the ship's kit were recorded- frames, beams, stringers, gunwales, fragments of the deck, skin, part of the stem, nine "oars", yards and, probably, two masts, as well as two clusters (about 20 pieces) of pear-shaped amphorae with arc-shaped handles of a type widespread in the Black Sea region. In addition, a significant number of unidentified items with traces of instrumental processing were recorded. In the forecastle area there is a vertical metal rod with three holes in its upper part, possibly a flagpole or an anchor spindle. Items,

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similar to oars in rowlocks, visually fixed only from the starboard side; the length of each reaches several meters. The mast lies along the port side. Well traced part of the keel beam, fragments of the gunwale of the left and right sides. No other fragments of the vessel were found around the hull at a distance of up to 5 m. The aft and bow parts of the ship suffered more damage during the disaster and under the influence of time than the central part.

6. Amphorae raised to the surface.

In order to clarify the dating of the object, a fragment of wood was lifted to the surface by the device, which may have been part of the ship's spar. The Kiev Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Institute of Environmental Geochemistry analyzed the sample, the results of which gave the period between 1020-1190. This date has a slight discrepancy with the dating of the ceramic complex, which can be explained by the discrepancy between the conditions of storage and transportation to the laboratory.

In 2010, tech divers were brought in to conduct research [Voronov, 2010, p. 6-8]. It should be noted that such scientific works with the use of divers at such a depth of 128 m were conducted for the first time in Russian practice. Large depths and strong currents limited the number of diving descents, but it was possible to make video recordings of several dives with a working time on the bottom of 5-7 minutes, as well as make a plan for the shipwreck. Several amphorae were raised to the surface (Fig. 6).

The main type of amphorae presented on the shipwreck is pear - shaped with arched handles. In the works of researchers, they are classified in different ways: type 62 - according to J. R. R. Tolkien. Hayes (1992); class 45 - according to A. M. Romanchuk, A. V. Sazanov, and L. V. Sedikova (1995); type 4-according to the typology of N. Gunsenin (1990). These amphorae have a short throat without a corolla. The handles are oval in the cut. The body of amphorae is pear-shaped, covered with fluting. The bottom is rounded. The shard is red in different shades. Fragments of these amphorae are found on monuments in the countries of the north-eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea basin. In the Crimean water area, similar vessels were found during excavations of a shipwreck in Novosvetskaya Bay (Zelenko, 2008, p. 131; Zelenko and Morozova, 2010, p. 81-82). The period of their existence is usually limited to the XIII century. Nergis Gunzenin suggested the place of production of this type of amphora in Ganos, based on studies of the roasting furnace and a large number of discovered weapons. I. V. Volkov believes that such amphorae were made in Trebizond or its environs (Volkov, 1993).

The second type of amphora, which is also found in the excavations of the Novosvet shipwreck of the XIII century, is small flat-bottomed amphorae. Given the similarity of the ceramic forms found on both shipwrecks, we can assume their synchronicity. Since the Novosvetskoe shipwreck is located at rather shallow depths (up to 12 m), due to the action of hydrophysical and anthropogenic factors, it is difficult to determine the depth of the shipwreck.-

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Unfortunately, the ship's structures have not been preserved. Nevertheless, the available depth has allowed for the last 15 years to conduct systematic studies of the water area where the ship's cargo (amphorae, irrigation ceramics) and other items of material culture left over from the shipwreck (coins, combs, etc.). The Foros shipwreck is a shipwreck with uniquely preserved wooden structures, detailed studies of which are difficult great depth. Thus, research and analysis of both shipwrecks should be carried out in a complex for historical and archaeological reconstructions.

The research of the Foros Byzantine confirmed the long-standing opinion about the good preservation of wooden structures of sunken ships at great depths of the Black Sea. In 2015, in order to monitor the condition of this shipwreck, new dives were made to the object. Over the past few years, the microrelief has changed slightly, and changes in bottom silt deposits have been recorded in the direction of their increase, but in comparison with previous years, several amphora accumulations were noted to be absent in their places. Unfortunately, even greater depth does not always help protect an object from looting, although this process is not systematic at such depths.

The third deep-sea shipwreck was discovered in 2015 abeam of the Balaklava settlement at a distance of 4.8 km from the shore at a depth of 83 m (Fig. 1). The research was carried out by the underwater archaeological expedition of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the underwater club "Rostov-Dive" with the support of the Russian Geographical Society and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The most difficult deep-sea work of the expedition was carried out by technodivers of the Rostov underwater club "Rostov-Dive". As a result of preliminary underwater and archaeological exploration using side-view sonar (HBO), an object was discovered abeam of the entrance to the Balaklava Bay, which allowed us to assume its artificial origin. Further visual inspection confirmed this hypothesis, and a cluster of amphorae and fragments of wooden structures were found on the muddy bottom. Further research has shown that this is a medieval Byzantine vessel, dating from the ceramic material of the X-XI centuries. Most likely, it was a merchant ship sailing from the coast of Asia Minor, probably from the area of Constantinople, to Cape Sarych, and then to Kherson or medieval settlements located in the Western Crimea.

7). The discovered amphorae, type 2 according to the classification of N. Gunzenin, have a pear-shaped body with a smoothed surface, massive handles flattened in cross-section, which are attached directly under the corolla. The latter is represented by two options: one in the form of a turn - down collar, the other-funnel-shaped. The shard is light brown, with gaps from burnt organic particles. This type of amphora is widespread in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea basin (Gunsenin, 1990, pl. XXXIII-XXXVI, type IIa, IIb; Hayes, 1992, type 60, p. 75, fig. 26-4; Antonova et al., 1971, Type XXI, Fig. 22; Yakobson, 1979, pp. 109-111; Parshina, 1991, pp. 76; Romanchuk et al., 1995, class 43, pp. 68-70, table 34]. Most researchers attribute these amphorae to the second half of the X-XI century. [Nessel, 2006, pp. 97-98].

In amphorae, most likely, wine was transported, since in one of them a cork made of pine bark with a hole for removing fermentation products was found. At the site of the shipwreck, parts of the ship's structures of good preservation are visible protruding from the ground, which allows us to hope for significant fragments of the ship's hull preserved in the ground. These fragments of the ship are of considerable interest, as they will help in reconstructing the shape and individual components of medieval ships.

The vessel is located at a depth of 83 m, in silty-sandy soil, which ensured good preservation of the object. Size of the upper, visible horizon of the monument (amphorae-

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spot) - 27 × 14 m. In May and August 2015, a series of descents of technodivers were carried out on the object, 2-3 groups per day, 2-3 people per group, the bottom time of each group was 18-24 minutes. As a result, it was possible to trace and mark the object into squares. A detailed photo and video survey of the object was carried out. As a result, a general plan of the monument was drawn up from hundreds of images using photogrammetry and a 3D model of it was created. After the preparatory work was carried out, two 1 × 1 m squares were installed on the monument and a pit was made. The top layer was removed from the squares, a total of five amphorae were raised to the surface, and a cork made of pine bark was found in one of them. The object is certainly of scientific interest both for its preservation and for being at a lower depth than the two described above. The significance of this site and deep-sea archaeological research is evidenced by the fact that on August 18, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the research site. In the coming years, it is planned to continue research at this site and include it in the list of state-protected monuments.

7. Amphorae recovered from the Byzantine shipwreck at Balaklava.

Thus, the described shipwrecks are of interest for restoring trade contacts in the past, reconstructing the features of shipbuilding and navigation.

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Воронов С. О., Вахонеев В. В., Рейда Р. М. Звіт III міжнародної глибоководної експедиції про підводні археологічні дослідження в територіальних водах України на південь від Криму в 2008 році. К., 2008. 88 с.

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