The centuries-old process of interaction between Russian and English cultures is quite multifaceted. Its main part is the mutual enrichment of the vocabulary of both languages.

The fate of such lexical borrowings is different. Some of them have firmly become part of the Russian language, having taken root in it so much that they are no longer perceived as borrowings, being considered native Russian words. The fate of others is fleeting: forgotten within the span of a generation or two, they not only witness contacts between the Russian and English languages, but also show a picture of the deep interest in English culture that emerged in Russia in the middle of the XVI century. Over the following centuries, this interest grew and strengthened, developing with varying degrees of intensity in different historical eras-from simple curiosity to Anglomania.

Thus, at the first stages of Russian acquaintance with English culture, the spheres of interaction were few and specific: trade, diplomacy, and military affairs. They also correspond to the subject of the loan-

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These include positions, titles, institutions, military and naval terms, units of measurement, and monetary units. The first sources that contain Anglicisms are the article lists of Russian embassies to England to Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The lack of corresponding words in the language forces Russian diplomats to use English, transmitting them in Russian transcription. First of all, these are the names of English officials and titles-bailiff alderman( alderman), Chief Justice (Chief Justice), Lord Keeper (Lord Keeper - keeper of the state seal), earl - (earl), treasurer Lord treasure - (treasurer). Sometimes these words are calculated. So, for example, the English speaker turns into the Russian rechnik.

In the 18th century, the interaction of Russian and English cultures reached a new, higher stage of development. This was facilitated by the establishment of close contacts between Russia and England in the field of economic and scientific relations. Interest in the English language began to grow, especially after Peter I visited England, one of the results of which was the arrival of English shipwrights, engineers, and scientists in Russia. During his reign, about 3000 words penetrated the Russian language (Smirnov N. A. Zapadnoe vliyanie na russkogo yazyk v Petrovskuyu epokhu [Western influence on the Russian language in the Petrine Era]. St. Petersburg, 1910, Vol. 88, No. 2). It is the Petrine era and the reign of Anna Ioannovna (30s of the XVIII century) that account for slightly more borrowings that were included in the vocabulary of the Russian language for the entire XVIII century (Birzhakova E. E. et al. Essays on the historical lexicology of the Russian language of the XVIII century. Language contacts and borrowings, L., 1972).

The main channel of penetration of Anglicisms in the Petrine era was translated foreign books, Peter I became a direct participant in this process, compiling lists of books that were to be translated. He also worked on the training of translation specialists and the development of regulations for translation rules. English translated literature in this period still does not occupy a sufficiently significant place, giving way to German, French, Italian and Dutch books.

Prince B. I. Kurakin, who spent considerable time in England performing diplomatic duties at the English court, used a large number of English words in his letters and diaries. Ordinary-he called the inn (ordinary), porter-the porter (porter), fera-fair (fair), forayner-a foreigner (foreigner) (Archive of Prince Kurakin, Vol. I-III.).

During the reign of Catherine II, great importance was attached to translations and publications of foreign literature. For this purpose, a translation society was established, whose task was to distribute translated literature in Russia. Russian reader with English samples-

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Russian literature is introduced by N. N. Zhdanov, L. Sobakin, I. Akimov, and A. N. Lushkov. Famous Russian poet and playwright A. P. Sumarokov translated Shakespeare's Hamlet. However, the number of books translated from English is still lower than those translated from German or French.

A valuable source for studying the spread of Anglicisms in the Russian language in the XVIII century is N. Yanovsky's three-volume dictionary "A new word interpreter containing foreign utterances and technical terms that are not known to everyone in the Russian language" (St. Petersburg, 1803-1806). It is noteworthy that for the first time the term Anglicism appears in it, which is interpreted as "an expression of speech peculiar to the English language" (Yanovsky N. Novy slovotokovatel... Vol. I). Here, for the first time, the word Anglomaniac is also explained: "who is surprised and imitates with excess, worthy of laughter, everything that is done in England".

A special place was occupied by words from shipbuilding and marine terminology, which caused the appearance of a special "Tri-Lingual marine dictionary in English, French and Russian, collected and explained by A. Shishkov", published in St. Petersburg in 1793.

The 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire. Its international prestige and role in European and world affairs grew immeasurably. England became an advanced power in the development of science, technology, industry and agriculture. Trade relations between Russia and England, which is becoming the largest consumer of Russian exports, are developing rapidly. Various aspects of English life are reflected in the pages of Russian magazines that publish both translated and original materials about English literature, art, science, politics, the system of education and upbringing, theater, and fashion. Russian trips to England for various purposes - tourist, business, educational-left impressions that were published in the form of diaries, travel notes, essays, in which the authors introduced the Russian public to many aspects of English life. These literary and journalistic works are full of words of English origin, which is quite natural, since objects and phenomena characteristic of the English way of life did not have Russian names. Karamzin in the" Letters of a Russian traveler " gave an explanation for some English words-rost-beef, beef-stacks, splin. So Anglicisms became the property of the general public, who did not speak either written or spoken English at all. A significant part of the borrowings reflected the life and habits of the English aristocracy: dandy, dandyism, comfort, toast, rout, picnic, fashionable. Objects and phenomena of the English way of life became the property of Russian society.

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In the first half of the 19th century, there was a noticeable increase in interest in the English language and culture of educated Russian society. By the end of the reign of Emperor Alexander I, English was one of the subjects studied by children of the highest aristocracy and the metropolitan nobility. The knowledge gained during the study of English was used to read original literature, primarily fiction, as well as during trips to England.

Along with literature, a significant role in the spread of Anglicisms was played by the theater, where plays by English playwrights were performed. In the 1920s of the 19th century, the stage adaptations of Shakespeare's plays and W. Scott's novels were particularly successful.

Since the beginning of the 60s of the XIX century, the era of widespread teaching and study of Western European languages in Russia begins. At the same time, the emergence of Anglo-Russian bilingualism is related, which contributed to a new powerful flow of borrowings. The most extensive group of them consists of scientific and technical terms. These include socio-political, religious, philosophical, financial, and naval terms.

In conclusion, we should mention the transfer of Anglicisms in the Russian language. The pronunciation norm did not immediately become unified. So, the English / at the end of a syllable could be either hard or soft-Walter Scott and Walter Scott. In the translation of Byron's "Don Juan" by N. Markevich, Nelson, but Trafalgar are next to each other. The pronunciation of the word fashionable was not immediately established. "They say that the London fashionable society participates in the publication of the Leaflet... "(Belinsky V. G. Russian literature in 1841. Italics in citations are ours. - S. L.).

It should also be noted the differences in the pronunciation of the words klob and club - " He went to the English klob, played whist until late at night "(Greek N. I. Black woman. 1834), comfort and confort - "At night so that "hotels" English confort had... "(Myatlev I. Sensations and comments of Mrs. Kurdyukova. 1, 1840), rout and route - "Jostled on the route of the Austrian ambassador" (Letter of A. I. Turgenev to Vyazemsky, 1832). Over time, one form replaced all the others and the pronunciation of Anglicisms stabilized.

Lexical borrowings from English have played and continue to play an important role in the process of interaction between Russian and English cultures. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, the process of Anglicisms ' penetration into the Russian language has significantly increased, due to the radical socio-economic and political changes that have taken place both in Russia and in the countries of the English-speaking world.

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