The European Association of the Southeast Asian Archaeologists (EurASEAA) was established in 1986. Since then, its conferences have been held every two years, bringing together leading experts in Southeast Asian archaeology from Europe, the United States, and the countries of region ¹.

The 13th regular EurASEAA Conference "Crossing Borders in Southeast Asian Archaeology" was held in Berlin on September 27-October 1, 2010. It was organized by the Institute of Near Asian Archaeology of the Free University of Berlin, the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the German Archaeological Institute. The Organizing committee of the conference was headed by the Director of the Institute of Near Asian Archaeology D. Bonats (Germany).

The conference was attended by over 260 scientists from Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Poland, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and other countries of the world. The conference website is dedicated to http://euraseaa.userpage.fu-berlin.de/

D. Bonac and B. Bellina-Price (France) delivered welcoming speeches on behalf of the EurASEAA Scientific Committee at the opening of the forum.

The conference was organized in seventeen sections with the aim of "crossing the frontiers in archaeology" of the region. The study of prehistoric cultures included sections on "Prehistoric Maritime Exchange: Cultural Hybridization between the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea", "Distribution of Neolithic cultures and field agriculture", "Variability and Distribution of Stone Tools in Southeast Asia: Hoabin and Other Groups", and "Anthropological Remains and Burial Practices in Southeast Asia". Asia" and "Iron Age Art and Exchange in Southeast Asia". Architecture and art were considered in the sections "Art and Architecture as sources for understanding cultural interaction", "Khmer Art and Architecture: Center and Periphery"," Multidirectional Currents of Buddhist Art in Southeast Asia","Creative Response of Insular Southeast Asia". In the section "Texts and their foundation", the main object of study was epigraphy. Regional and international relations of written societies were reconstructed in the sections "Crossing the Borders between Nagara Campa,  Java and Srukkhmer "² and" Pottery in Motion". The archaeology of Indochina written societies was studied in the sections "Crossing the Borders of Cambodia: Recent Archaeological and Historical Research" and "The Mekong Delta and the Origins of Funan". Two sections directly addressed the current problems of archaeological practice in connection with the policy of the Southeast Asian states: "Values and approaches in the management of archaeological heritage" and the forum "Underwater Archaeology in Southeast Asia". The sections "New Understanding of Sumatra's Archaeology and History" and "Miscellaneous"stand out.

The author of the review managed to listen to about a third of the reports read at the conference. Section "Crossing the borders betweenNagara Campa, JavaandSruk Khmer" (head-A. Griffith (France)). In his report "The problem of the ancient toponym J(a) va and the place of Sri Satyavarman in international relations in Southeast Asia in the eighth century", a new reconstruction of the political history of the region was proposed: Satyavarman, mentioned in the Khmer inscriptions Sab Bak K. 1158 and Wat Sithor K. 111, and Satyavarman, known from the Cham inscriptions Po Nagar from Nha Trang P. 38, Hoalai and Phyokthien ³, are the same ruler. The unified content of the texts leads to this conclusion: Satyavarman is credited with defending the country from attacks by Java, identified in this case with the Shailendra Empire, and founding religious institutions. Sedes of the term J(a)va of Khmer inscriptions with some area of the Malacca Peninsula is not true:

¹ For a review of the previous 12th conference, see [Zakharov, 2009].

² Original names of polities that existed in Central Vietnam, Central Java, and Cambodia in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.

³ Khmer and Cham inscriptions have ordinal numbers according to the Zh classification. Coedes (1908), continued to this day. Khmer inscriptions begin with the letter K, Cham-with the letter S (Latin). The Hoalai and Phyokthien inscriptions were discovered recently and have not yet received an ordinal number.

This is the name of historical Java, which was also called "Zabaj" by Arab geographers (Jordaan & Colless, 2009).

The report of A. O. Zakharov (Moscow) "Epigraphy and political organization in ancient Java" reconstructed the political evolution of Javanese societies and the place of collective action in their political organization. In the eighth century, chiefdoms were replaced by a genuine state with its characteristic features: the administrative apparatus, social hierarchy, taxes, and, probably, territorial division. It is the emergence of the state that explains the construction of Borobudur, Prambanan and other monumental ancient Javanese monuments. Collective action, i.e. grassroots action aimed at expanding the social services/public goods received from the authorities, can be reconstructed on the basis of indirect data on the impact of communities on taxation, their ability to protect their interests, the provision of more productive irrigated land by the State to communities, and legal protection. At the same time, the ancient Javanese states did not give the social lower classes the opportunity to participate in political life: the common people did not have any means of controlling the elite. In general, the collectivity of society appears as one of the variables; under the name of collective polity, its type is not hidden.

The report of Varuno Mahdi (Germany) "Protohistorical linguistic, ethnic and political situation around the Gulf of Thailand in the light of loanwords between Malay-Cham and East Asian languages" offered a broad panorama of the interaction of peoples who inhabited the territories of ancient Southeast Asia in the second half of the 1st millennium BC-the first half of the 1st millennium AD. In particular, from the central-eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages, the name betel is derived in modern languages (Mahdi reconstructs the original basis as ^xbulu), while from the old Khmer title kloñ, the old Malay title karayān, the Old Vietnamese klauñ and the Chinese word 

P. Baptiste (France) in his report "Bronze dish from the excavations of Cattien (Lamdong, Vietnam)" spoke about the archaeological study of the monument of the VII-VIII centuries. Based on the iconography of the bronze dish, Kattien also revealed the connection of Champa with the Roman and Central Asian, in particular Sughd, traditions. M. Klokke (Netherlands) in the report "Is it possible to date the ornamentation of early mainland Southeast Asia on the basis of ancient Javanese parallels?" showed the unreliability of dating by architectural parallels.

The report by A.-W. Schweyer (France) "Cham kingdoms and their neighbors" contained a general overview of Cham history based on epigraphy. W. Southworth (Germany) in the report "Early Hindu temples in Champa and Cambodia: concepts and comparisons" considered the evolution of the architecture of the two countries in the 1st millennium AD Nini Susanti (Indonesia In her report "Airlangga: His Relations with the Kings of Southeast Asia", she described the biography of this East Javanese ruler in the first half of the 11th century, based on epigraphic data.

Section " Prehistoric maritime Exchange: cultural hybridization between the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea "(Head-B. Bellina-Price (France)). Here are the following reports: G. Epinal (France)in his report "Ceramics of Batujaya (West Java) from the Buni culture to the Tarumanagara Kingdom (I-VII centuries)" spoke about the stratigraphy of the Segaran II monument (Lempeng) from the excavations of Batujaya. N. K. Ritter (Germany) in his report "From the Euphrates to the Mekong: Maritime contacts between Persia and Southeast Asia" showed the important role of the Sasanian power (~224-651) in international trade based on data from the excavations of Okeo and Khubua in South Vietnam, Yarang in Pattani province and Klong Thoma in the province of Krabi (Thailand). Y. Cameron (Australia) in her report "Textile Production in the Gulf of Tonkin" identified links between fabric production in the Dong Son (Northern Vietnam) and Zhu (Southern China) Bronze Age cultures, and between the Fung Tguyen monument in Vietnam and the Tanshishan culture in Southeastern China.

Zolkurnain Hasan (Malaysia) in his report "New data on ancient piers of the III-VII centuries AD in the Sungai Batu complex in the Bujanga Valley (Kedah State of Malaysia)" reported on the research of 2007. The Sungai Batu complex includes 16 monuments, including religious buildings, ancient platform-piers and iron smelting workshops. When discussing the report, P.-I. Mangin (France) expressed doubts about the reliability of the proposed dates: it is not clear on the basis of which dating method - radiocarbon, thermoluminescent or other - the speaker came to these conclusions.

P. Raynaud (Great Britain) in the report "Pre-Hispanic Philippine gold objects as sources for studying trade and migration movements in Southeast Asia" suggested-

Mindanao Island should be considered as an important center of historical development of the region, whose heyday is associated with the kingdom of Butuan of the X-XIII centuries.

The section "Khmer Art and Architecture: Center and Periphery" was organized by V. Lobo (Germany). The report of M. Santoni (France) "Early pre-Angkor door lintels in Southern Laos" considered monuments of the V-VII centuries. The evolution of the well-known temple door lintels confirms the assumption that the first capital of the future Chenla (Khmer Kingdom) was located in Wat Phu in Laos. Katsura Sato (Japan) in his report "A new aspect of the ancient Khmer city of Chhok Gargyar (Koh Ker)", the capital of Jayavarman IV (928-944), proposed the idea of a "royal city" based on the revealed relationship of various types of structures - temples, roads, altars with a lingam-a phallic symbol of Shiva, moats and artificial lakes. he also suggested that the state temple was a distributor of sacred water. This raises some doubts, since recent studies by D. Fletcher and his colleagues have shown the practical use of artificial oaserbarai of the Angkor Empire for irrigation [Fletcher et al., 2008; Zakharov, 2010, p. 183]. Hens (Switzerland) in his report "Avalokiteshvara in Angkor: Tantric Bodhisattvas from Banteay Chkhmar" revealed the spread of Tantric Buddhism in the Angkor Empire of the XIII century.

Section " New understanding of Sumatra's archaeology and History "(led by P.-I. Mangin (France) and D. Bonats (Germany)). I. Kennerknecht (Germany) reconstructed the "Settlement of Nias according to oral tradition and genetics".

Agustijanto Indrajaya (Indonesia) in his report "The Pre-Triwijayan period in the history of the east coast of Sumatra: a preliminary study" spoke about the excavations of the Air Sugihan complex, which have been carried out since 2007.The complex includes 40 monuments, of which three have been excavated. A lot of local coarse pottery has been found, but there are also Indian-Pacific single-color and multi-color ceramics, Chinese ceramics of the Sui, Tang and Song eras, intaglias, ear earrings, bracelets, coins, beads (gold ones resemble the Okeo culture in South Vietnam). The most interesting find can be considered the remains of a shipboard board 10.7 m long, found in a rice field. Based on the discovered types of ceramics, it is possible to assume the settlement of Air Sugihan from the 1st century AD to the XIII century. Indrajaya suggested that the complex is associated with the Geying (3rd-4th centuries) and Gantoli (5th century) polities known from Chinese sources.

H. Libner (Great Britain) in his report "Cargo for Java: an Interpretation of two shipwrecks of the tenth century" examined the famous shipwrecks of Nanhan, or Cirebon, and Intan in the Java Sea. The study of huge loads of ceramics (Cirebon included more than 150 thousand items), the location of goods on the ship lead to the idea of a state organization of trade. According to X. According to Dr. J. Liebner, all the data we know about the volume of ceramics in shipwrecks, compared with the estimated dynamics of population growth in Java, make us think about who needed so many ceramic objects in Southeast Asia and why. Liebner believes that Cirebon's cargo alone covered at least a year's demand for the entire island's Southeast Asia.

D. Perret (France) and Heddy Surahman (Indonesia) in their report "Preliminary results of the archaeological project for the study of Si Pamutung in 2006-2010" described the monument on the Padang Lavas plateau in North Sumatra (see also: [Zakharov, 2009, p.141]). Si Pamutung is the only excavated settlement in this part of the island, which existed in the X-XIV centuries. Earthen ramparts and ditches were found, the remains of temples - six brick platforms, glass, pottery and ceramics (different firing temperatures), inscriptions, coins (one of them Arab XI century). Vajrayana Buddhism and Shaivism flourished. Researchers have suggested the possibility of their synthesis.

Budi Istiawan (Indonesia) in his report "New finds of the Classical period in West Sumatra" reported on the excavations of Pulau Savah II, where Buddhist and Hindu statues and one inscription were found. According to A. Griffiths, the palaeography refers to the 9th-10th centuries, and not to the Aditvarman era (14th century), as the speaker thought. P.-I. Mangan noted that according to the iconography, some statues of Buddha and Avalokiteshvara date back to the 7th-8th centuries. Erond Litno Damanik (Indonesia) in his report "Traces of early trade between China and Southeast Asia in Benteng Puteri Hijau (Delhi Tua region in North Sumatra)" summarized archaeological data on the connections of the Aru kingdom (late 13th-early 17th centuries) with the surrounding world. Chinese ceramics from the Yuan and Ming eras, as well as Burmese, Thai and Vietnamese ceramics were discovered in Benteng Puteri Hijau.

E. Edwards McKinnon and his colleagues (Indonesia) in their report "Kota Renthang and the arrival of Islam in North Sumatra: preliminary studies in 2008" described the excavations of the monument of the XII-XVI centuries. Kota Renthang is located at 03°44 'north latitude and 98°35' east longitude, five kilometers from the famous Kota Chin Monument ("Chinese City"), which was closely connected economically by the Belawan River (13 km to its mouth from Kota Renthang). Dishes, Muslim tombstones (more than 100 so - called nisans), bricks, iron slag and, most interestingly, the ship's skeleton, which could have been 18-25 m long, were found. Nanik Wibisono (Indonesia) in her report "Findings of imported ceramics in Kota Renthang" reported on the findings of Chinese ceramics of the late Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing eras (XII-XVII centuries), Thai and possibly Khmer ware.

Mai Lin Choa-Bonats (Germany), in her report "More than 3,400 years of pottery traditions in the Jambi Highlands of Sumatra", spoke about the consistent development of pottery making based on the study of the Bukit Arat monuments (the oldest date according to thermoluminescence analysis is 1390 ± 260 BC), the Lolo Gedang and Renah Kemumu complexes of the XI century, megalithic sites of the South - west of the Pondok, Benik, Bukit Batu Larung settlements of the 12th-14th centuries and Sungai Hangat shopping center with the fortified Dusun Tinggi settlement of the 18th-19th centuries. (for more information, see [Bonatz et al., 2009]). The materials were obtained by the expedition of Dominic Bonac "Archaeological project for the study of the Jambi Highlands" in 2000-2008.

Section " Distribution of Neolithic crops and field agriculture "(headed by N. Chang (Australia) and I. Glaver (Great Britain)). M. Spriggs (Australia) in his report "Did the Neolithic spread in insular Southeast Asia as randomly as archaeologists imagine?" showed that the Austronesian languages spread very quickly and not in a hierarchical order, as R. Blast thought, but in the form of many sometimes parallel, sometimes interacting waves.

R. Blench (Great Britain) in the report "Almost everything you thought about Austronesians is not true" called for a strict distinction between the linguistic concept of "Austronesian languages" and the actual process of spreading agriculture, ceramics, pigs, chickens in Southeast Asia, which are often identified thanks to the joint efforts of archaeologist P. Bellwood and linguist R. Blast. According to the speaker, Austronesians are not an archaeological entity. The spread of Austronesian languages is not connected at all, according to Blench, with the spread of agriculture. He believes that the nature of the Austronesian expansion, that is, this group of languages, was religious. The main argument of Blench is the iconographic motifs of figures and pendants of lingling-o, which are found in all Austronesian peoples. P. Leip (USA) in his report "Modeling the transition to pottery and agriculture in insular Southeast Asia" spoke about the impossibility of reconstructing Neolithic cultures according to linguistics and the need to study archaeological data to clarify the relationship between the two cultures. agriculture with pottery. The sessions of the section ended with the presentation of a new book by the largest Bronze Age archaeologist of mainland Southeast Asia Ch. Higham's "Excavations at Ban Non Wat" from the series " The Origins of Angkor Civilization "(vol. 3).

Section "Crossing the Borders of Cambodia: Recent Archaeological and Historical research" (head-M. Hendrickson (Australia)). His report, "The Angkor Project Industry: Deconstructing the Industrial and Settlement History of Preah Khan in Kompong Swai, Cambodia," included data on iron production in Preah Khan in the 11th and 15th centuries. Excavations have yielded large amounts of slag between the third and fourth fences of Preah Khan. G. Evington (Australia) in the report, " Cambodia's Middle Eastern Royal Centers period: preliminary observations " summarizes data from written and archaeological sources about Lovek and Oudong, the Khmer capitals in the XVI-XVII centuries. Wong Sotheara (Cambodia), in his report "Newly discovered new inscriptions of pre-Angkor Cambodia in Stung Treng", studied Khmer monuments of the 7th century. Thalaborivath, Prasat Prambuon Lueng, Wat Badeun and Brach Tirtha. The first three inscriptions list gifts to the deities of the Shaivite circle: land, slaves, tools, and animals. The fourth inscription on the cliff at the confluence of the Sekong with the Mekong is dedicated to the "Sacred Ford Site" (vrah tirtha) near the ruined Bachong Temple.

E. Lustig (Australia) and M. Hendrickson in their report "Khmer Transport and Empire: an Archaeolexic approach" reconstructed the evolution of the meanings of road signs found in Khmer inscriptions. In pre-Angkor inscriptions of the VII-VIII centuries. the terms "road, path", tnal(l) "means of access; causeway road" and the Sanskrit word patha "path"dominated. In the Angkor era (IX-XIV centuries), the number of Sanskrit loanwords for various languages increases.

types of roads. The Khmer terms vrah phlu and vrah trial at this time mean "main road" and "causeway around the temple", respectively. Im Sokriti (Cambodia) in his report "Joint Khmer-Thai research Project" described the study of the road from Angkor to Phimai. Its width is 6-15 m. Bridges, rest homes, temples, water structures, many ceramics, and iron smelting sites were found. Chevance (France), in his report "The Archaeological Development Fund's Phnom Kulen Research Program", reported finding more than a thousand lingams at Prasat Krol Romeas, a pre-Angkor temple with a settlement at Prasat O Thome, and a new inscription dated 1269.

T. Sonneman (Australia) in his report "Discovery and interpretation of the buried temple in the Angkor Wat enclosure: results of radar research and subsequent excavations" spoke about the discovery of one of the first temples in Angkor, located near the western wall. D. O'Reilly (Australia) in his report "Bioarchaeological data on conflicts in pre-Angkor north-western Cambodia" investigated data from 2001-2003 excavations in Bhumibol, 80 km northwest of Angkor. Two burial grounds dating back to the 4th century BC and the 2nd-3rd centuries AD were found there, in which 134 individuals were buried, 124 of them adults. Many weapons were found: swords, daggers, arrowheads. A third of the skeletons show injuries caused by one or another weapon, with craniocerebral injuries predominating. This indicates a high level of violence and most likely wars.

Section "The Mekong Delta and the Sources of Funan" (led by A. Reinecke and W. J. McCarthy). Southworth (both in Germany)). A. Reinecke in his report "Some notes on prehistoric settlement and characteristics of Mekong Delta cultures" outlined the archaeological map of the region: more than 350 monuments are known, of which 75 have been studied. They cover the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, and the culture of the early Funan Okeo State. Nishimura Masanari (Japan) in his report "Chronological sequence in the lower Mekong Basin and the Dongnai River Valley" suggested dating monuments by artefacts - series of objects, rather than by radiocarbon dating. The main dating object in his report was called ceramics. Seng Sonetra (Cambodia), in her report "Restoration of artefacts from Prokhear, Cambodia", reported on the restoration work carried out by the Memot Center since 2007 at the Prokhear monument 65 km south of Phnom Penh, where a treasure trove of gold and silver objects was found, as well as bronze ware and utensils during excavations.

Section "Texts and their foundation" (headed by G. Gersheimer and J. Schulz). Esteve (France)). J. Esteve in her report "New data on Kamrateng Jagat Chpār  inscription K..943" proposed the first translation of the monument from Khmer to English. The inscription is kept in the National Museum of Cambodia under the number E 781. It is made on an object depicting the deity of Tantric Buddhism Chhpar Runsi. According to the character of the Khmer language, in particular the writing of chpar ramse in the second line of the inscription, and paleography, it belongs to the XIV-XV centuries.

To. Havibrok (France) in her report "Nong Hua Thong and its hoard (Savannahet Province, Laos)" described the hoard found in 2008 (location - 16°55.789' north latitude and 104°51.225 ' east longitude). The hoard included three inscriptions, one in Sanskrit and two in ancient Khmer. The first one is dated according to the paleography of the VIII, the last - IX centuries.

W. Degraw (Netherlands) and A. Griffiths (France) in their report "Inscribed stone drums from Chandi Gunung Sari" reported on the excavation of the Central Java Shaivite temple in 1998. It is located to the north-east of Borobudur. Architecturally, the temple is close to Gunung Sewu and Plaosan temples. On the stone drums are inscriptions consisting of such syllables as vai, ki, ki ku, ku or, la or, which Griffith considers the designation of the countries of the world in Java: laur/lor "north", kidul "south", kulon "west", vailian "east" (in Old Javanese and Indonesian the east is called timur. - A. Z.). Based on paleography, W. Degraw and A. Griffith date the inscriptions to 830-850 and believe that this is the oldest evidence of the existence of their own, and not borrowed from Sanskrit, system of spatial designations among the Javanese. This seems to be an inaccuracy, for the Kamalaga inscription of 821 mentions "the heads of the youths of the north and the youths of the south" (tuha věrěh lor, tuha věrěh kidul). [Kullanda, 1992, p. 65; Sarkar, 1971, p. 57-verso, 2-4].

T. Kruijsen (Netherlands) in his report "The Mysterious Madonna - a different view of the Dharani inscription with an image from Central Java" examined a Leiden copper dish with an inscription on one side and an image of the goddess on the other, dating from 800-925. Comparing the Buddhist dharani formulas from the treatise "Mahapratisara-Mahavidyarajna" and the text of the inscription, T. Kruijsen he hypothesized that the dish depicts the Buddhist goddess Mahapratisara.

(Great Britain) in the report "Inscriptions of Lanna ⁴ as objects of power" suggested that they should be considered as ontological signs of the implementation of the saccakiriyā ("true action") procedure.227 and the relief "Bharata Rahu": biography in Bante "Chkhmar ⁵" gave its reading of the seventh and ninth lines of the inscription: "All the troops of the capital defended (pan-pit) the central portico of the veranda (mattavarana). [Then] all [the troops] ran away." The inscription tells about the revolt of Bharat Rahu against Yasovarman II in the middle of the XII century.

The next conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists will be held in 2012 at University College Dublin (Ireland).

list of literature

Zakharov A. O. The Twelfth International Conference of the European Association of Archaeologists of Southeast Asia. 2009. N 1.

Zakharov A. O. Review of: Archaeology in Southeast Asia: From Homo Erectus to the Living Traditions / Ed. by J.-P. Pautreau, A.-S. Coupey, V. Zeitoun & E. Rambault. Bougon, 2008 / / Russian Archeology. 2010. N 1.

Kullanda S. V. Istoriya drevnoi Yavy [History of Ancient Java]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 1992.

Bonatz D., Miksic J.N., Neidel J.D. & Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz (eds.). From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra. Newcastle upon Tune: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.

Coedès G. Inventaire des inscriptions du Champa et du Cambodge // Bulletin de l'École française d'Éxtrême-Orient. T. VIII. 1908.

Fletcher R., Pottier C, Johnson W. Angkor and Water Management: The Implications of Massive Masonry Water Control Structures // Archaeology in Southeast Asia: From Homo Erectus to the Living Traditions. Choice of Papers from the 11^th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Bougon, 25^t - 29^th September 20061 Ed. by J.-P. Pautreau, A.-S. Coupey, V. Zeitoun & E. Rambault. Bougon, 2008.

Sarkar H.B. Corpus of the Inscriptions of Java (Corpus Inscriptionum Javanicarum) (Up to 928 A.D.). Vol. I. Calcutta: Mukhopadhyay, 1971.

⁴ A principality in Northern Thailand in the 13th-16th centuries.

⁵ Khmer temple of the late 12th century

Permanent link to this publication: