Moscow: Vostochnaya litra Publ., 2011, 440 p. (Scientific Notes of the China Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Issue 3).

In 2010, the oldest Sinological conference in Russia, Society and the State in China, was held for the fortieth time. The results of its history in the form of reference statistical materials and an alphabetical index of authors and their publications were summarized in special edition ¹. I would also like to note that the conference proceedings published annually since 2009 have been published in the series "Scientific Notes of the China Department of the Institute of Physics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences".

Unlike previous editions of conference materials, the reviewed collection contains very small, abstract-format publications. Including them in the collection allowed the compilers to significantly expand the circle of its authors (there are 66 of them in total), including both well-known, established scientists and those who are just starting their way in Chinese studies (the large number of authors is probably due to the very small print of the publication). The editorial preparation of the book for publication is generally performed at a high level, and the number of typos with such a large volume is minimal.

The collection itself is divided into two large sections: "History, Economics and Politics "(p. 6-313, 45 authors) and " Philosophy, Ideology, Religion and Culture "(p. 314-440, 21 authors). This structure does not seem to be entirely successful: within each of these sections, the compilers did not fully maintain the principle of distributing articles according to the time or thematic principle. For example, in the first section, it seems logical that the articles by T. N. Kuchinskaya and V. S. Morozova should follow each other, since both of them are related to the north-east of the PRC and its interaction with the adjacent territories of the Russian Federation; the same applies to the articles by A. N. Khokhlov and A. V. Lukin, which can be attributed to on the topic of the history of Russian Sinology.

I would also like to point out that the Chinese character set (which is currently not particularly difficult to set) is not used in all the articles in the collection. In some cases (of course, this does not apply to well-known hieroglyphic spellings of certain realities, names, and terms), the lack of hieroglyphics somewhat complicates the further use of relevant publications. In addition, it would be desirable to increase the number and quality of illustrative material required for a number of articles in subsequent issues of the conference proceedings.

The reviewed book contains many interesting publications related to various aspects of Chinese history and culture. In the review, the content of the articles included in the collection is not presented exactly in the order in which they are given in the publication under consideration: temporary or thematic groups are allocated, which was due to the too general structure noted above. Given the large number of authors and the topics they consider, as well as the limited scope of the review, the review of the collection's content is purely informative (with varying degrees of detail in relation to certain articles). Since this review is not critical in its focus, it is similar in this respect to reports on the latest sinological publications published in the French information and bibliographic publication Revue Bibliographique de Sinologie. However, it should be noted that in relation to many articles and the subjects covered in them, it is quite possible to have alternative points of view, other approaches and interpretations. This circumstance, without any doubt, should be regarded as a positive aspect of the publication and the conference behind it, which represents a certain common space for the exchange of views and discussions.

The first section opens with articles on ancient history. D. V. Deopik's article "Four Studies on the History of ancient East Asia: A View from the South" presents a series of interrelated notes on various aspects of the history of this region. The first of them raises the problem of defining the borders of the East Asian region, which have developed due to physical, geographical and economic factors, as well as the presence of "ethno-ceramic" zones located in the territory of the Russian Federation.

^{Society and the State in China. Indexes (I-XI scientific conferences)} 1 / Comp. A.D. Dikarev, Moscow: IV RAS, 2011, 249 p. (in Russian) (Scientific Notes of the China Department. Issue 4).

within the boundaries defined by the first two factors, where the sequence of the corresponding archaeological cultures can be traced. The author outlines the boundaries of the region and its internal division: North (the Yellow River basin), South (the Yangtze Basin) and East (the archipelago, later the Shandong Peninsula); the border between the first two regions is the Huaihe River Valley. In this region, archaeologists have identified six historical and cultural agricultural zones: North - "Ancient Primorye", "Middle Yellow River", "Shandong"; South - "Lower Yangtze", "Middle Yangtze"; in the center is the later formed zone of the "Great Plain". The second part of the article examines the general course of the historical process in the aspect of political unification of the North and South. This relatively detailed process is presented as the history of a multi-faceted historical and cultural rapprochement between the Austric and Sino-Tibetan peoples and their states, which is why the history of ancient China is somewhat similar to the history of Ancient Greece before the formation of the empire of Alexander the Great. The third part shows the historical significance of the Great Plain zone and describes some features of the historical development of the ethnic groupHuaxia (Sino-Tibetans who formed the" core " of the Hanzu of the current state-forming ethnic group of modern China). In the last part, some comparisons are made and the peculiarities of the Chinese history are revealed in comparison with the historical development of other peoples.

M. E. Kuznetsova-Fetisova is the author of the article " Ritual practices of homicide in Ancient China during the Shang-Yin Dynasty (XVI-XI centuries). B.C." focused on Shang-Yin burials in connection with the ritual practice of human sacrifice. After describing the different types of burials, she comes to the conclusion that a differentiated approach to materials is necessary, which does not allow all co-burials to be classified as ritually mortified.

E. S. Anikushina, in her article "On the Internal structure of the Shan Polity: Towards the problem of Heterogeneity of the "Shan Nome"," examines some issues related to the region, beyond which (due to natural conditions and landscape) the borders of the Shan state ("Shan Polity") originally did not extend, and which, by analogy with the history of Sumer and Ancient Egypt, is considered to be the same as in the past. Egypt was called the "Shan Nome". Its heterogeneity can be traced on the example of funerary rituals and ceramic complexes, which shows the presence of a certain cultural specificity of a number of Shan monuments. P. V. Khalturina in the article "The Struggle for the Great Plain in the Zhanguo period: wars between the Wei and Qin kingdoms" described the historical stages of the confrontation between these kingdoms, which she divides into three periods, covering the dominance, gradual development of the decline and fall of the Wei Kingdom.

M. Y. Ulyanov in his article" Textual aspects of studying Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan: on the problem of identifying and characterizing structural and genre groups", guided by structural methodology, identifies and analyzes heterogeneous parts of this monument and determines their genre specifics, structure and its components ("simplest messages" or "utterances"). These elements can be combined into a single system, and "Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan "is called a" complex of commenting texts", which distinguishes four structural and genre groups: historical, historical and literary comments and ethical summary. As a result, Ulyanov concludes that the author of the monument in question was guided not only by commentary (canonology) tasks, but also by the desire to preserve historical information about the Chunqiu period. Thus, after reconstructing Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan as a chronicle of the Kingdom of Lu, the researcher can have at his disposal another valuable historical source.

S. A. Komissarov's article "New Season of Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Army excavations" provides a number of information about the history and latest discoveries of 2009-2010 during the excavations of the mausoleum of this emperor and his famous terracotta army. The new finds amount to about 120 figures, including sculptures of officers (until recently only a small number of them were found), the remains of wooden chariots, drums and bronze weapons; on one of the figures of a horse, the contours of a saddle can be traced, which may indicate the presence of horsemen in the main division of the terracotta army, and not only infantry and chariots, as previously thought. In addition, thanks to the use of new restoration technologies, it was possible to preserve the original color of the statues.

CF. (Kucera considered the specific names of musical melodies and officials in ancient China. P. M. Kozhin presented an essay " The development of technology in China from the Neolithic to Puberty-

publications of the" Notes on the Inspection of Works "("Kaogongji"), " the original text of which was probably compiled at the beginning of the Zhanguo period.

The following group of articles is devoted to the Han era: V. V. Bashkeyev focused on the interaction of the first minister and the chief censor under the Western Han; A. D. Dikarev presented a statistical sketch of the population of China in the Han era; V. V. Gusakov considered the relations of Han China and Central Asia; in the article by Yu. L. Krol devoted to the authors of the first two dynastic histories, on Ban Gu's attitude to Sima Qian's postulated idea that the Han Wen-di was endowed with a "mandate of heaven".

The struggle for the transfer of power in the Wei kingdom of the Three Kingdoms era during the reigns of Wen-di and Ming-di was the subject of an article by F. S. Zhirov, some problems of the history of the Late Liang dynasty in South China were analyzed by M. E. Kravtsova.

Chang Yu's article published in Chinese with a brief summary in Russian is devoted to the study of Du Mu's commentary (803 - 852) on the military treatise "Sun Tzu"-"Zhu Sun Tzu", compiled in the Tang period. G. Ya. Smolin gave a brief outline of Chinese historiography during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Some subjects of the history and culture of China during the reign of several "late" imperial dynasties are presented in the articles of V. E. Yeremeyev, who turned to the reform of traditional Chinese medicine that took place under the rule of the Jin and Yuan dynasties (the so-called Jin-Yuan reform); S. G. Andreeva - about the establishment of the Red Cross Society in China during the Manchu rule, the oldest Chinese non-governmental organization, D. V. Kiselyov, who showed how the use of the fleet by the Chinese in 1880-1890, which was a kind of Chinese " gunboat diplomacy "(a demonstration of naval power), led to certain positive results.

A. A. Bokshchanin described a peculiar typology of Chinese emperors according to the 1996 book "The Chinese Imperial System" by Xu Liang and Zhu Ziyang, in which its authors divide them into the following categories: "founding emperors of dynasties (empires)", "guardians of the order established by the founders", "reformers", "those who lost their power". power", "perverts", "children", "who passed their throne to their heirs during their lifetime".

Various aspects and problems of the history of twentieth-century China became the subject of many articles in the first part of the collection. A. V. Lomanov describes Hu Shi's trip to Moscow in 1926; Z. D. Katkova devoted her article to the diplomat and scholar Jiang Tingfu (1895-1965); A. L. Verchenko considered some attributes of Western material culture that appeared in her life In the beginning of the last century, V. A. Nikiforova focused on how the PRC reacted to the collapse of the USSR; V. Ya. Portyakov analyzed partnership relations as an instrument of modern foreign policy relations of the PRC; E. Gushchina (in a thesis format) outlined the spheres of private and public in modern Chinese culture; A. T. Golubev raised the question of whether partnership is a tool for modern Chinese foreign policy relations. nationalism of some intellectuals of the modern PRC to the opposition or pro-government; A. A. Sergeeva (in a thesis form) outlined the history of evolution and the current situation in relation to the attitude of the official authorities of China to compatriots living abroad; U.-A. Berzin analyzed one of the speeches of Wen Jiabao in August 2010; T. N. Abramovich (in a thesis form). Kuchinskaya touched upon the current state and future prospects of socio-economic development of the northeast of the PRC in connection with interaction and the common territorial border with the Russian Federation; D. A. Smirnov focused on the problem of democratizing the Chinese version of socialism ("socialism with Chinese characteristics"); V. S. Morozova devoted her article to the regional culture of the northeast of the PRC in its interaction V. Chudodeev highlighted some problems of relations between the PRC and the USSR and the Russian Federation in the works of modern Chinese historians; M. S. Bugrova examines the relationship between England and the PRC in the current century.

Two publications are dedicated to the Taiwan region. V. Golovachev's article "Ethnic History and Politics of Taiwan in Western historiography" traces the history of studying the island from the first Dutch and Spanish descriptions of Formosa, which appeared in the XVII century, up to the beginning of the XXI century, which is accompanied by an extensive bibliography of works in Western European languages. women's Rights Protection" reviewed the process of democratization of the Taiwanese political system in terms of increasing gender equality, which, due to the current change in traditional attitudes towards women in "decision-making" positions, and

their role as the majority of voting voters in the future may affect the internal political situation on the island and its relations with the mainland.

Two publications can be attributed to the history of Russian Sinology. A. N. Khokhlov in his article "Sinologist D. D. Pokotilov at the beginning of his diplomatic career" examines the early stage of this researcher's activity in the diplomatic field, noting the fact that he was able to combine the performance of his consular duties with scientific research. The appendix to the article consists of the publication of archival materials - four reports by D. D. Pokotilov (1865-1908) to the Russian envoy in Beijing and to the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

A. V. Lukin in his article "Soviet Sinology: Politics and Objectivity" refers to the legacy of the Soviet past in Sinology. Social sciences in the USSR were extremely ideologized and politicized, solving a number of specific tasks assigned to them by the state. The politicization of Soviet Sinology can be divided into "official", which was reduced to "serving" urgent state tasks (for example, to prove the possibility and necessity of the Chinese revolution or to criticize the "cultural revolution"), and "unofficial", which consisted in using the example of China (as well as some other countries) in order to show the importance of the Chinese revolution. the imperfection of the Soviet system and subject it to veiled criticism. The latter approach is considered by the author to be not entirely scientific, which led to the fact that the Soviet system itself was described under the guise of studying China. This often led to an exaggeration of the similarities between the USSR and the PRC, while underestimating the differences that existed between them.

The influence of "unofficial politicization" can be traced to some examples from the history of Soviet Sinology. First, it is the concept of the unique stability of Chinese traditions, which was consistent with the theory of the "Asian mode of production" (with the approach under consideration, which made it possible to build a comprehensive theory of Soviet society), as well as in the theories that explained the victory of Bolshevism in Russia (N. A. Berdyaev). The author believes that, despite the significant progress made in studying China based on the concept of the uniqueness of its cultural traditions, one should not underestimate its politicization, which led to distortion of the research results and underestimation of new elements in Chinese society. In connection with the latter circumstance, the very concept of "traditional China" and some points of view expressing the idea of the uniqueness of Chinese civilization and culture are analyzed. The alternative approaches presented in the article can be most clearly expressed by the quoted statements of I. S. Smirnov that traditional Chinese culture is "hermetic in many ways for the Chinese themselves", which is characterized by "a feeling rather than a real knowledge" of its content. Second, a comparison of the internal policies of Stalin and Mao: Maoist repressive campaigns in the context of "unofficial politicization" are correlated with Stalin's repressions, which makes it possible to subject the latter to indirect criticism. However, according to the author, these campaigns differ both in their course and on ideological grounds. Third, the influence of "unofficial politicization" can be traced at the level of foreign policy, where the PRC was criticized as a state that revived the imperialist or" China-centric " policy of the actual imperial period of the country's history. Accordingly, those who considered the USSR's foreign policy imperialist could use the example of Beijing's imperialism to covertly criticize such trends in their homeland. As a result of these considerations, A.V. Lukin comes to the following conclusion: at the present stage, the political situation has radically changed, there is no longer any need to use the Chinese example to describe one's own country, which opens up prospects for further more objective comparative studies.

V. S. Kuznetsov focused on traditions and innovations and their role in the process of mutual understanding between China and India, while O. V. Zotov continued his series of works on East Turkestan (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China) as a geopolitical center.

Economic problems are presented in this section by N. P. Svistunova on the "financial reform" of 1404 and P. M. Mozias on the current state of the Chinese economy in the period before and after the recent global financial crisis.

The section ends with articles by S. Y. Vradiya about the first Korean geographical map of the Russian territory (Primorye) - "Map of Russia" by Aguk Yojido, and S. V. Dmitriev and Yu. Kholotova-Shynek on the results of the authors ' preliminary archaeological and cultural research.

Ethnological study of the Dry Corpse Valley (northwest of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region).

The second section opens with A. I. Kobzev's article "China and the relationship of hieroglyphics with continualism, and the alphabet with atomism", devoted to hieroglyphic and alphabetic forms of writing, while most of it is related to the alphabet and atomism. The author begins by postulating the absence of three phenomena of European scientific progress in traditional China: the development of formal logic as a general scientific methodology, the differentiation of sciences and their separation from philosophy and theology, and the ideological and socio-institutional differentiation of science and philosophy. The differences between European and Chinese thought were also related to the differences in science in these regions. The author's rather detailed digression into the problems of atomistics in Chinese thought leads him to state that Chinese thinkers did not create any version of the atomistic theory. Thanks to the spread of Buddhism from the end of the fourth century, the Chinese had relevant information about Indian atomism, and by the seventh century they had a general picture of its apologies and criticisms. Nevertheless, Indian atomism, because of its alienness, has not found in China any conditions for taking root and further development.

Turning to the problems of writing, the author writes that in the early 1960s, M. McLuhan associated the achievements of Greek science and art with the interiorization of the alphabet, and J. McLuhan associated the achievements of Greek literature with the interiorization of the alphabet. Needham directly stated the connection of atomism with the alphabet. It is also a historical (empirical) fact that atomism was present in the European and Indian traditions associated with the use of alphabetic writing of common origin. In addition, the relationship between letters and atoms as the primary elements of writing and the universe is obvious (in this sense, the primary formation of the alphabet, apparently, became a certain basis for the formulation of atomistic concepts). Finally, Europe and India are distinguished from China by ontological idealism: non-significant letters form significant words, ideas or atoms form things; this "doubling of the world" gave rise to both alphabetic writing and atomism, ultimately leading to the understanding of the individual as an indivisible spiritual atom - individual. The Chinese tradition was characterized by a completely different - naturalistic and holistic, correlated precisely with the hieroglyphic form of writing - attitude, in which there were no tendencies to either idealistic or atomistic doctrines. The alphabet turns out to be analytical and logized, focused on atomism and discreteness, while synthetic and figurative hieroglyphics, on the contrary, are associated with holism and continuity.

The Taoist tradition was the subject of articles by R. M. Ziganshin, who examined the principle of wu-wei ("non-action") in the field of state administration, and I. V. Belaya on the tradition of female alchemy (nu dan) in the Jing-shan Mountains; the Christian tradition was the subject of A. S. Kadyrbaev, who presented an article on Christians in China during the Mongol rule.

The legal and legislative spheres of existence of the respective religions in China are reflected in two publications. In the first of them, "The legal status of Taoist and Buddhist priests in Imperial China (based on the Tang and Ming Codes)", A. D. Zelnitsky addressed the relevant sections of the Tang and Ming legislations regulating the activities of Taoists and Buddhists. The author believes that law enforcement was not related to their separation into a special group, but depended on the division of the Taoist and Buddhist communities themselves into two unequal groups, corresponding to the group of officials and the group of commoners. At the same time, the role of Taoists and Buddhists in shaping the system of public morality was taken into account, which increased penalties for violations of monastic discipline. In the second article, "Legislative initiatives of the Kuomintang government in the sphere of religions", S. A. Gorbunova considered some aspects of the state policy of the Kuomintang in relation to religions, concluding that its selective nature led to an unequal position of Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. At the same time, it was a qualitatively new era, when freedom of religion was first declared and the development of a legal framework for relations between the state and various religions began.

Two publications are related to the study of the " Canon of Changes "("I Ching"), that is, the area of Chinese studies that is sometimes called "Yijin studies". V. M. Yakovlev showed how the distribution of the "four qualities" in the text of the Zhou "I Ching" occurred, and T. P. Chibisov devoted his article to the relations of astronomy with the Chinese language.- lo pan  astrological instruments with hexagrams of the "Canon of Changes".

V. M. Mayorov reviewed the manuscript of the Shang-shu translation by N. Ya. Bichurin, entitled " Ancient Chinese History "( now stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library), and gave some additional and clarifying information about this manuscript in comparison with its first description made more than 50 years ago by P. E. Skachkov.

A. E. Terekhov in his article "Three aspects of Han ideas about dragons (moons)" analyzes the following aspects of the image of this creature. First, Han regional ideas about trees as a habitat for dragons and their reflection in the rituals of modern small peoples of southwestern China. Secondly, the Neolithic ideas about the dragon as a mount of deities and immortals, which in the Han period are experiencing their heyday and are expressed, in particular, in the development of the connection between the images of the dragon and the horse. Third, the image of the yellow dragon as a universal good omen, the appearance of which either confirmed the fact of the legitimacy of the ruler, or served as a symbol of the world harmony that came thanks to the emperor, or foreshadowed the imminent appearance of the perfect wise, worthy to become the new emperor.

Non-standard and largely controversial points of view in relation to the two written monuments of the Confucian and Buddhist traditions are presented in two corresponding articles. In the work of L. I. Golovacheva, the canonical part of the "Great Teaching" is considered ("Da xue"), and the source for the article by E. Y. Staburova was the" Report on the Golden Lion " by Fa Tsang (643,712), on the basis of which she analyzes the use of the ji  sign in this text.

N. V. Guryan's short publication examines the " unusual "signs in the Yang Xiong (53 BC-18 AD) dictionary" Fang Yan "("Local words"), which can be considered the first source where a spoken language is the object of research, which explains the presence of purely phonetic (transcriptional)signs in it signs. Based on the works of Chinese authors, their classification and statistics are given. L. V. Stezhenskaya devoted her article to the dialect of qi  in the" Afterword " of Liu Xie (465/466 - 520/522) to his famous treatise "The Carved Dragon of Literary Thought".

Literature studies related to modernity are presented in the articles "Back to Modernism: Yu Hua's Creative Work in the context of the Development of the Chinese literary avant-garde" by Yu.A. Dreizis and "Western Literature in the Life of Chinese Society"by E. A. Sinetskaya. Painting, theater and cinematography are reflected in the articles by M. A. Neglinskaya "Abstract expressionism and Chinese national painting Guo-hua of the late XX century", T. I. Vinogradova "Folk painting-Nianhua with the image of Su Shi: the experience of plot reconstruction", Yu. A. Kuznetsova "Experimental Theater in China in the first half of the 1980s".1950s" and P. A. Kargina "Generational Conflict in Modern Chinese Cinema".

S. V. Zinin's article "Development of the system of interactive network concordances in Chinese classics (CTEXTS)"completes the second section of the collection.

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