UDC 903.5

Far Eastern State University

37 Okeansky Ave., Vladivostok, 690950, Russia

E-mail: popov@museum.dvgu.ru

A special feature of the Boysman-2 monument, which is located on the coast of Peter the Great Bay in Primorye, are burial complexes found in the layers of the Early Iron Age and Middle Neolithic. In the process of dismantling the lower part of the filling of an early Iron Age dwelling (Yankovskaya archaeological culture, 2.8 - 2.3 thousand years AGO), the remains of two burials were found on the surface of the clay floor. The next grave complex is associated with the Neolithic horizon of the Boisman archaeological culture (6,5-4,7 thousand years AGO). Two burial grounds found in the shell pile were completed cemeteries of separate family or tribal groups of a single cultural community (Boisman). It is obvious that the sacred meaning of the Yankovo burials, in comparison with the Boisman burials, has a completely different orientation.

Introduction

The south of the Russian Far East is distinguished by the diversity and originality of Neolithic cultures. At the same time, grave sites of this epoch are extremely small: only three Neolithic sites where anthropological material was discovered are known: Boysmana - 2, Chertovy Vorota [Neolit..., 1991], Zaisanovka-7 [Zaisanovka..., 2005].

The Boysman-2 Monument is located on the eastern coast of Peter the Great Bay, at the mouth of the Riazanovka River, 500 m from the sea (at an altitude of 3.5 m from its current level). It occupies a sloping section of the junction of one of the coastal hills and a swampy river valley. During the period of research (from 1987 to 2005), three historical and cultural horizons were identified here: the Early Iron Age (Yankovskaya culture, 2.8-2.3 thousand years ago), the Late Neolithic (Zaisanovskaya culture, 5.3 - 3.5 thousand years ago) and the Middle Neolithic (Boisman culture, 6.5 - 4.7 thousand years ago)..

One of the features of the monument is the burial complexes found in the layers of the Early Iron Age and Middle Neolithic. Information about the first Neolithic burial ground is fairly well known (Popov 1995; Popov, Chikisheva, and Shpakova 1997). Based on the results of its study, the anthropological type of carriers of the Boisman culture was established, assigned to the northern group of the Far Eastern branch of the Mongoloid race with a combination of features intermediate between the continental Siberian and coastal Pacific, and having similarities with some variants of the Arctic race (Chikisheva, 2003). Marine bioresources were the mainstay of their diet [Yoneda et al., 1999].

In recent years, two more burial complexes have been studied at the monument. Stratigraphy in the area of burial grounds (Fig. 1):

1. Sod-humus horizon (5 - 8 cm).

2. Black-brown humus sandy loam (8 - 20 cm).

3. Dark brown humus sandy loam (up to 50 cm).

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4. Pack layers of whole shell flaps with humus lenses (pack thickness up to 30 cm).

5. Brown sandy loam with a broken shell (up to 27 cm).

6. A pack of layers of whole shell flaps (8-12 cm).

7. Brown loam with a broken shell (up to 5 - 8 cm).

8. A layer of lightly rolled gravel (2-4 cm).

9. Brown loam (35-40 cm).

10. Continental deluvium of yellow-brown color.

Layers 2 and 3 contain materials from the Early Iron Age, including burials. Layers 4-9 were a single stratigraphic column of the Neolithic shell pile of the Boysman culture (99 % of the remains of mollusks - leaves of Grassjstrea gigas [Crayfish. Popov and Lutaenko, 1996]). Neolithic burials are associated with layers 7-9.

Early Iron Age Burial Complex

In the process of dismantling the lower part of the filling of an early Iron Age dwelling (Yankovskaya archaeological culture, 2.8 - 2.3 thousand years AGO) in the south-eastern corner, the remains of two single burials were found on the surface of a clay floor. Grave spots are not recorded. Both skeletons are extremely poorly preserved.

Burial 1. Tibia, kneecaps, calcaneus, fragments of scapula and pelvic bones were found, with puncture marks with small embers under them; several vertebrae and a rib fragment were found 40 cm to the northeast; a cluster of clavicle fragments and several bone fragments was found 50 cm to the east of the leg bones shoulder and forearm, and possibly the sternum; 50 cm to the north - fragments of the tibia, lower jaw and several undetectable bones, under them-a thin (up to 0.7 cm) focal spot. According to the location of the skeleton parts, it can be established that the buried person was oriented with his head to the northeast. Some fragments of ceramics (2 specimens of the bottom part, 3 - straight corolla, 18 - unornamented vessel walls) of the Early Iron Age (Yankovo culture) were found in the burial filling. 15 cm to the northwest of the lower jaw was a large, well-rounded stone (18 x 12 cm), near which (5 cm to the east) a rectangular chopping tool made of dark gray slate was found.

Burial 2 (Fig. 2). It was located 20-40 cm east of the border. 1. Made in a sub-rectangular recess in the plan. The height of the walls reached 5 cm in the western and northern parts and disappeared in the south-eastern part. Only decayed bone remains were found in place of the feet,hands, forearm, and upper chest. From the position of the other bones, it can be established that the deceased was buried on his back, face up, with his legs straight, his left arm along the body, and his right arm probably bent at the elbow. There were two vessels near the skull: one near the right temporal bone, the other 8 cm east of the parietal bone. Both are can-shaped with a slightly convex body and a weakly marked neck; the edge of the corolla is bent almost at right angles. The first one is decorated with a horizontal bar-

Fig. 1. Stratigraphy of the monument (see layers 1-10 for descriptions). in the text).

2. Burial 2 of the Early Iron Age.

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3. Plan of burial ground No. 2 (Neolithic, Boisman culture).

with horizontal drawn lines in the upper third. The second vessel has two horizontal bracket-shaped riveted handles. 40 cm to the north of the skull, in the north-eastern corner of the burial depression, there were two large stones, between which the collapse of the bottom part of a flat-bottomed pot-shaped vessel was located. A rectangular adze of light green slate was found 16 cm south of the left tibia. Two large stones were located 10 - 30 cm to the south of the pelvic bones, and under them there was a small (up to 1 cm) ash spot of rounded outlines.

The materials of the burials complement two complexes that cannot be directly attributed to the burial inventory, but may be related to the burial ritual. The first (southern) one was located on a gentle slope of the shoulder of the dwelling 15 cm south of the edge of the grave pit. One large and two medium-sized stones lay on a low-thickness (up to 0.8 cm) ash patch of rounded outlines (diameter approx. 40 cm). Between them was a small ceramic lamp-cup (diameter of the whisk 10 cm) with a short (up to 3 cm) tray-stand. The second complex (northern) was located 50-90 cm east of the lower jaw of the border. 1. Near an elongated large pebble with a polished surface, there were two sharp-angled small stones and the collapse of a pot-shaped vessel with a spherical body and a vertically located rivet handle. Decor - a meander drawn on the shoulders in the form of trapezoids. 10 cm to the east of the pebble was the collapse of a pot-shaped flat-bottomed vessel with spherical mulberry (height 25 cm, corolla diameter 15 cm, bottom-8, body-25 cm). The ornament drawn on the shoulders consists of rectangular triangles with tattoos inside, bounded at the top and bottom by two horizontal lines; above the top there are several groups of tattoos.

Neolithic burials

The next grave complex is associated with the Neolithic horizon of the Boisman archaeological culture. The burial ground consisted of six burials. Four were located in a circle around the central burial site No. 4, 0.5 - 2 m away from it and oriented to the cardinal directions, and one (No. 6) was located 4.2 m to the north (Fig. 3).

Burial 1. Was located 1.6 m south-west of the central burial site, at a depth of 1.06 m from the daytime surface. No traces of the burial chamber were found. A 20 - to 25-year-old man was buried in a crouched position, head to the south, face down, with his arms crossed under his stomach. The skeleton is preserved almost completely in anatomical order; the left half of the pelvis and the bones of the left leg are missing, with the exception of the calcaneal ones. The middle part of the skeleton was covered with large oyster shells. The buried person was located on a thin layer of lightly rolled beach gravel, saturated with small embers. It was also covered with a thin black-carbonaceous layer, which lay on the layer of lemon-

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nite clay of red-brick color. The total thickness of these layers did not exceed 8 cm.

A large flat stone (20 x 25 cm) and an elongated, oval-shaped pebble (20 x 8 x 4 cm) were found under the chest bones. 20 cm to the south-west of the skull lay a large stone (pebble), near it - a long bone hollow, a fragment of a horn with traces of cutting, part of a rib of a large animal, five elongated small pebbles. 15 cm to the west of this complex were a bone harpoon with one tooth and a hollow, 12 cm to the northwest-a pebble sinker and a fragment of a dart tip made of gray slate. On the bones of the wrist of the right hand of the buried person, a bone plate bracelet was found, decorated with carved ornaments, the composition of which resembles the decor on parts of Boisman vessels. There was a small bone point under the elbow joint of his right arm.

Burial 2. Was located 2 m south-east of the central burial site. Collective burial: the remains of three individuals were recorded. No traces of a grave pit were found. In the southwestern part, the skeleton of a child (2.5 - 7.5 years old) was found, buried in a crouched position on the right side, with the head facing north-west; the skull was missing. 30 cm to the northeast was the skeleton, most likely of a woman. She was buried on her left side, with her arms crossed over her chest, her legs bent and drawn up to her chest, her head facing west; the skull was missing, except for the lower jaw. Between two anatomically intact skeletons, two tibia bones were found that did not belong to the bones described above.

No finds were found near the children's bones. In the area of the woman's lower jaw, a polished axe, an elongated diamond-shaped polished arrowhead, a fragment of a bone tip and a flat rounded stone without traces of use were found. On the forearm bones were bracelets made of shell flaps and a fragment of a bone plate decorated with carved ornaments around the edge. A cluster of articles was found 5-7 cm south of the pelvic bones. Four single-sided harpoons lay on top: 2-toothed -16 cm, 3-toothed - 14 (Fig. 4, 2), 4-toothed-20, 5-toothed - 15 (Fig. 4, 5), 6-toothed - 25 cm (Fig. 4, 4); horn cannon, L-shaped piece of boar's tusk with a hole for tying, a fragment of a tusk hollow, a flint flake of brown color, a flattened polished adze made of light gray slate (length 15 cm), a double-sided retouched dagger made of dark slate (length 16 cm). Under this group of tools were two polished adzes made of dark gray slate, one fragment and three whole bone harpoons, including composite ones (Figs. 4, 1), two fang-knife hollows; under the harpoons - a pebble chip and four spikes of a tail-stingray, two of them had holes for cutting holes. bindings. In the northern part of the cluster there were large pebbles with traces of chipping, and 1-5 cm to the west of it - several large fragments of ceramics, decorated with rows of combed stamps. In addition, three whole pebbles and one split one, two flakes, four fragments of unornamented ceramics, as well as fish bone remains were found in the cluster.

The burial ground was covered with a lightly rolled gravel bed (up to 0.6 cm thick) saturated with small coals. On the southern and eastern sides, it was outlined by a thin layer of shells with traces of fire.

Burial 3. Was located 0.5 m north of the central burial site (depth from the present surface is 1.10-1.35 m). Made in the underlying brown loam of the shell pile. The upper part of the filling contained a significant amount of fragmented shell, which almost disappeared in the process of moving to the bottom of the layer. The grave pit is not recorded. The only difference from the main mass of the post-cranial layer is a darker shade around the bones. Burial area approx. 3.5 m2 (3.5 x 1 m).

The burial site is collective: seven well-preserved skeletons, oriented with skulls to the east (two-to the northeast), were arranged in three rows (Fig. 5). The first one consisted of two skeletons

4. Harpoon tips.

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5. Burial of 3 burial grounds No. 2.

Fig. 6. Decorations from burials and shell heap layers. Burial ground No. 2 (Neolithic, Boisman culture).

1-horn pendant (border) 3); 2-bone plate (border). 3); 3-stone pendant (layer 7); 4-polished jadeite pendant (border). 4); 5 - shell ring (layer 7).

(A and B). The distance between the skulls is 25 cm. In the second row, there was one skeleton (W). His kneecaps adjoined the occipital part of skull B. The third row consisted of four skeletons (C, D, E, E). The buried were laid close to each other, with their legs strongly bent at the knees so that they did not overlap skulls A, B, G. The bones of their legs adjoined the parietal areas of these skulls, and the epiphysis of the right femur of skeleton G was located under the skull of J. The upper parts of the D and E skeletons were crisscrossed. The bones of all skeletons as a whole preserved anatomical order.

A 35 - to 40-year-old man was buried on his back, with his legs bent at the knees, his right arm extended along his body, and his left arm bent at the elbow, placed on his chest so that the hand was located on the right shoulder. The skull rested on the occipital bone, facing west. The lower jaw was significantly displaced to the south.

Under the occipital part of the skull, two cylindrical beads were found (one short of white stone, the other bony shaped); under the bones of the right forearm, a rounded bead of fragile reddish material; near the cervical vertebrae, a thin (0.1 cm) diamond - shaped bone plate in plan (long axis 12 cm, short - 7 cm), ornamented with a dot pattern. 6, 2), under the plate - three bone points.

Skeleton B. A 35 - to 40-year-old woman was buried in the same position as the previous buried person, only her hands were positioned in the same way: both were strongly bent at the elbows, each hand on the corresponding shoulder. The skull was lying on its left side, facing south, with the right temporal bone pressed inwards.

Beads were found under the skull: eight cylindrical, including two shaped bone beads, six short ones made of white (3 pcs.), black (2 pcs.) and patterned stone, and three rounded ones made of fragile reddish material; as well as a rectangular pendant made of translucent stone; at the right humerus - an arched pendant made of horn (length 6, 1), a small bone bead; near the cervical vertebrae-a thin (0.1 cm), rectangular in plan, curved bone plate, ornamented with dot carvings imitating a net; under them - a polished dagger made of gray slate (length 26 cm), a knife made of translucent chalcedony, treated with a fine pressing retouch, horn point; near the kneecaps - a rounded bead made of reddish collapsible material; under the pelvic bone - a long polished arrowhead made of greenish slate; in the pelvic area - several untreated bird bones.

Fish vertebrae were found between skulls A and B (sem. herring), as well as one-sided

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a non-rotating harpoon with three large beak-shaped teeth and a bone point with a hole ornamented with cuts.

The Backbone of Zh. A 14 - to 15-year-old woman was buried on her left side, with her knees drawn up to her chest and her arms bent at the elbows, pressed to her chest. The skull lay on its left side, facing southeast. The cervical vertebrae are burned.

Under the skull was a bone point; under the cervical vertebrae-a one-sided harpoon with three beak-shaped teeth; on the left humerus-a fragment of a bracelet from the shell of anadara (Anadara subcrenata); under the thoracic spine-a lamellar flake of sealing wax, under the lumbar spine - a large (length approx. 40 cm) whetstone made of fine-grained sandstone, on which the elbow joints were located; at the stone, under the chest, there were two leaves of the shell of an extinct tropical mollusk-meretrix (Meretrix luzoria), several bird bones, under the stone - a crushed round bead made of brittle reddish material; from the north, close to the pelvic bones, lay two round bones. pebbles (each 8 cm in diameter) - one of white, the other of dark gray quartzite.

A 35 - to 40-year-old woman was buried on her right side, with her legs strongly bent at the knees (located at an angle of 90° relative to the spine) and her heels pulled up to the pelvis. His arms were folded at his sides and bent at the elbows so that his hands were crossed in the groin area. The skull lay on its right side, facing northwest. The spine was arched to the south.

Near the occipital part of the skull, a large horn with two processes, a horn product decorated with a screw thread, two end scrapers made of patterned rhyolite and dark blue perlite were found; under the humerus, a drill made of sealing wax flint, a long needle holder made of hollow bird bone (length 14 cm); on the bones of the forearm of the left hand, 10 bracelets from the shells of Anadara (Anadara subcrenata); under the pelvic bones - a small grindstone made of sandstone, a greenish flint flake.

A 20-25 - year-old woman was buried on her back with her legs strongly bent at the knees and her heels pulled up to the pelvis, her arms pressed to her body, and her elbows bent so that her hands were in the neck area. The skull lay on its right side, facing northwest. A long curved point of boar's tusk was found among the ribs.

The position of the buried person was similar to that described above. The skull lay on the occipital bone, facing south-west; the lower jaw was displaced to the south. Inventory was not detected.

The skeleton of E. Buried was laid on its left side, with its legs strongly bent at the knees (located at an angle of 90° relative to the spine) and its heels pulled up to the pelvis, the left arm extended along the body and the right arm bent at the elbow, the hand of which was near the chin. The skull lay on the occipital bone, facing west; the right half of the lower jaw was displaced to the west. The spine is arched to the north. Its middle part was in a layer saturated with small embers.

Under the occipital part of the skull were two single - sided harpoons with beak-shaped teeth; under the pelvic and calcaneal bones-a large horn process, under it - fragmented bones of a small animal.

Undoubtedly, an integral part of the burial is a complex 50-70 cm to the west of skeletons A and B: on a large stone (70 x 20 cm) lay two medium-sized ones, and 18 cm to the north - a large pebble (15 x 15 cm). To the west of the rocks was a cluster of animal bones: the shoulder blades and jaws of five small wolves, fish vertebrae, and bird bones. Among them were found nine thin bone needles (length 3 - 5 cm), two long bone points, a bone spoon, a pendant made of milky white stone. A large bone dagger was found 60 cm southwest of the cluster.

After the burial was removed, a shallow cup-shaped depression with no clear boundaries (diameter approx. 70 cm, depth in the middle up to 7 cm), along the bottom of which a thin (up to 1 cm in the middle) lens of shells is traced.

Burial 4 (fig. 7). It is central to the burial ground (see Fig. 3). It was located at a depth of 1.35 - 1.7 m from the present surface, and was formed in the underlying brown loam of the shell heap. The burial is paired, tiered. There were no pronounced traces of a grave pit, although the contours of the cup-shaped depression were faintly discernible during the disassembly of the filling. The skeletons were placed crosswise in relation to each other. The upper skeleton (A) belonged to a 45-50 - year-old male buried in a crouched position on his right side, with his head facing east, with his arms bent at the elbows, the hands of which were under the chin. A large, flat stone of sub-triangular shape stood almost vertically at the basin.

The lower skeleton (B) belonged to a 30 - 35-year-old woman who was buried on her back, with her head facing north-east, with her legs bent at the knees, her right arm extended along the body and her left arm bent at the elbow, the hand of which was at the head. There was a large stone under the bones of his left arm.

The thickness of the earth layer between the bones is not more than 12 cm. Above the filling of the burial, a cluster of focal spots was traced, and below them - a shell layer on a black-carbonaceous layer,

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7. Burial of 4 burial grounds No. 2.

Fig. 8. Burial 5 of burial ground No. 2.

9. Backbone B, border 5 of burial ground No. 2.

It was located on a layer of red-brick limonite clay. The thickness of these layers did not exceed 13 cm.

Near the male skeleton, a retouched knife made of gray rhyolite, a shoulder drill, two shell pendants, a fragment of a corolla-"brackets", ornamented along the edge with semi-oval impressions, were found. Another similar fragment was found among the chest bones. The composition of the woman's burial equipment is as follows: a few centimeters to the north-east of the skull lay a large nucleoid nodule of gray-yellow patterned rhyolite with traces of removal and remnants of the gall cortex; on the bones of the left hand, near the skull, there was a flat-bottomed vessel of a closed jar shape without a neck, decorated along the edge of the corolla see) intersecting sub-rectangular impressions of a single stamp; among the cervical vertebrae, a polished pendant made of pale green jadeite was found, which is an open ring (see Figs. 6, 4).

Burial 5 (Fig. 8). It was located 1.3 m north-east of the central burial. The burial is paired, tiered. There were no pronounced traces of a grave pit, although during the dismantling of the filling, the contours of a small depression (no more than 6 cm deep) were guessed.

The upper skeleton (A) belonged to a 25 - to 30-year-old woman buried in a crouched position on her right side, head facing north, with her legs strongly bent at the knees. The humerus bones of both hands, the left ulna and radius were located along the backbone, the bones of the left hand were located under the pelvis, the bones of the forearm and right hand were located 40 cm north of the humerus. The vertebral column is strongly curved; the upper part of the backbone is in its original position, the lower part is turned 90°.

The lower skeleton (B) belonged to a 40-45 - year-old male (Figure 9), who was buried on his back, with his head facing north, with his legs bent at the knees and his heels pulled up to the pelvis. The right hand, bent at the elbow at an acute angle, was placed on the chest, and the left, bent at the elbow at an obtuse angle, was placed in the groin area. Near the elbow joint of the left hand, there is a-

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Fig. 10. Spear tips.

these are the forearm bones, collarbone, and scapula that did not belong to skeletons A and B.

The bones were separated by a lens of whole oyster shell leaves (Grassjstrea gigas), which was from 1 to 5 cm thick, but it only partially covered the skeleton B (from the clavicles to the pelvis).

20 cm east of the right humerus of skeleton A, at the edge of the shell grave lens, on an area of approx. 20 cm2 two pumice floats, two pebble chips, a double-sided retouched knife made of gray slate, a polished adze, three polished arrowheads, a piece of petrified wood, a bone point and the collapse of a small thin-walled flat-bottomed pot-shaped vessel (height 12 cm, bottom diameter 9 cm) made of molding masses, thinned with a large amount of crushed seashells. The ornament is made in the technique of a receding spatula. On the upper surface of the cornice there are three wavy grooves, triangular in cross-section; on the neck and upper part of the shoulder-seven rows of straight horizontal grooves, under them-seven wavy lines, the lower of which reaches the middle of the body. 20 cm to the east of the pelvic bones, on the edge of the grave lens of the shells, there were two small stones, next to them the phalanx of the finger. 10 cm to the south-east of the calcaneal bones, on the edge of the grave depression, a whole - cut fishing hook made of tusk, a piece of pumice stone and rounded pebbles were found, and a bone point was found near the kneecaps. Three cylindrical shaped bone beads were found near the pelvis. Under the sixth vertebra lay a fragment of a bone plate ornamented with cuts with a hole for binding. The pelvic bones were located on a small stone tile (20 x 12 cm).

A flake of light flint and a bone bead with two spikes were found 8 cm south of the calcaneal bones of skeleton B on the slope of the grave depression. Near the kneecap of the right leg was a split from a large polished tool, between the femur bones - two bone points, a long and short bone needle, a rhyolite split; under the pelvis and close to it on the eastern side-a boar's tusk knife, a bone point, under the knife-a partially polished dagger made of dark gray slate. In 3 - 5 cm to the north of the kneecap of the left leg, a cluster of arrowheads was found: five long polished arrowheads, two fragments of the same arrowheads, a short polished arrowhead re-formed from the long tip, 12 retouched with stingers; the points of all arrowheads were directed to the south. Along the bones of the left forearm there was a bone point, on the humerus of the right the hands are a hollow bone tool. 8 cm to the west of this bone, parallel to it, lay two long polished arrowheads with a rounded tip; two shark teeth were closely adjacent to the points directed to the north. Under the right temporal bone, a bony tip was found with a round middle section, a rectangular base and a hole in the base; under the occipital bone, a large one-sided serrated tip of a non-rotating harpoon (length 31 cm), lying with the tip facing east (see Figs. 4, 3), next to it-a polished axe, under it-three bone toothed tips of spears (Fig. 10). Between the lower jaw and the left clavicle was a crumbled sandstone tile (10 x 5 cm). In the area of the cervical vertebrae, a small bead made of a fragile red material was found, and a horn pendant was placed on them. Several single arrowheads were found during the dismantling of the skeleton: near the second vertebra - retouched with stingers, in the area of the throat and between the ribs (inside the chest) - long polished, under the right humerus and near the left - retouched with stingers. Their location indicates, in our opinion, the violent death of the buried person.

Burial 6. Was located 2,8 m to the north of pogr. 3.Single burial. There were no pronounced traces of a grave pit, although during the disassembly of the filling, the contours of a small rounded cup-shaped depression were guessed. Its borders were fixed in the northern part. Most likely,

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it was cut into the slope. Above the filling of the burial was a lens of shells with a diameter of approx. 1 m (power 1 - 4 cm). Under it, the collapse of the Boysman vessel was found. Inside the filling, above the shoulder girdle, there was a lenticular cross-section ash spot with a diameter of approx. 30 cm (thickness 1 - 3 cm). The skeleton belonged to a 25 - 30-year-old woman buried on her right side, with her head facing east, with her legs strongly bent at the knees and her arms bent at the elbows, the hands of which were near the chin. A femur that did not belong to this subject was found near the leg bones. There was no inventory available.

Burials of burial ground No. 2 were performed on a specially prepared site, which was filled with fine gravel (up to 1 cm thick). On this site, traces of memorial bonfires are marked - in the central part, a strip of bright red soil is traced (oriented along the west-east line) with a width of 60-70 cm and a length of approx. 1.5 m. It was a red-hot loam with a significant content of ashy inclusions, burnt shells, as well as individual fragments of burnt bones of animals, birds and fish. Large rocks were located to the west and south of the strip.

Conclusion

The study of different-time and multicultural grave complexes at the Boysman-2 monument makes it possible to significantly replenish the archaeological data on the carriers of the Yankovo culture of the Early Iron Age and the Boysman culture of the Middle Neolithic.

The Iron Age is characterized by the burial of the dead in an elongated position on the back, which is radically different from the crouched poses of Neolithic burials. Since the Yankovo burials were performed under the floor of the dwelling, it is obvious that their sacred meaning has a different orientation compared to the Boisman burials.

The most complete picture of funerary rites is presented in Neolithic burial grounds. There are two of them on the monument. They were located 18 meters from each other and were cemeteries of separate family or tribal groups of a single cultural community (Boisman). In addition to the unity of material culture, both burial grounds are united by the location of individual burials in a circle around the central one; their orientation to the cardinal directions; the identity of the burial equipment, which has a clear sexual differentiation; and the presence of cranial deformities, most likely caused by the use of special headdresses.

It is the Yankovskaya and Boysman cultures that were most closely associated with the extraction of marine bioresources, as evidenced by the location of monuments in the coastal zone, shell heaps in cultural deposits, and a characteristic tool kit (Popov and Yesner, 2006). Unfortunately, according to archaeological data, it is impossible to trace the genetic connection of these cultures, but perhaps an analysis of the anthropological material will allow it to be established. Another important area of further research is the study and interpretation of the funeral rite, ritual and semantic meaning of actions performed in ancient times.

List of literature

Neolithic of the Far East: An ancient settlement in the Chertovy Vorota Cave, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1991, 225 p.

Popov A. N. Neolithic grave complex on the multilayer settlement of Boysman-2 in Primorye / / Humanities in Siberia. - 1995. - N 3-p. 23-30.

Popov A. N., Chikisheva T. A., Shpakova E. G. Neolithic of Southern Primorye (Boisman archaeological culture). Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 1997, 96 p. (in Russian)

Rakov V. A., Popov A. N., Lutaenko K. Comparative analysis of mollusk assemblages from the Neolithic sites of Primorye and Hokkaido (preliminary report) / / Late Paleolithic - Early Neolithic of East Asia and North America: (Proceedings of the International Conference). Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996, pp. 196-204.

Chikisheva T. A. Rezul'taty issledovaniya novykh paleoanthropologicheskikh materialov iz mogilnika na poselenii Boysmana-2 (raskopki 1998-2000 gg.) [Results of research of new paleoanthropological materials from the burial ground at the Boysman - 2 settlement (excavations in 1998-2000)]. Problemy arkheologii i paleoekologii Severnoy, Vostochnoy i Tsentralnoy Azii: Mat-ly Mezhdunar. konf. "Iz vek v vek", posveshennoy 95-letiyu so deya rozhdeniya akad. Okladnikov and the 50th anniversary of the Far Eastern Archaeological Expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2003, pp. 209-213.

Popov A.N., Yesner D.R. The reasons of arose and the form of early Maritime Adaptation at the Southern part of Far East in ancient time // Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology. - Brill; Leiden; Boston, 2006. - P. 469 - 476. - (Colloquia Pontica; vol. 13).

Yoneda M., Kuzmin Y.V., Shibata Y., Popov A.N., Chikisheva T.A., Shpakova E.G. Preparation and Dating of Bone Samples at NIES-TERRA - A Case Study of Human Bones from the Boisman II Site, Russia: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Frotiers in Accelerator Mass Spectrometry / National Institute fore Environmental Studies (Tskuba), National Museum of Japanese History (Sakura). -Tskuba, 1999. - P. 259 - 265.

Zaisanovka 7 Site: Excavation 2004. - Kumamoto: Kumamoto University, 2005. - 76 p.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 08.10.07.

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