The adjective effective has existed in the Russian language since ancient times. Its meaning can be formulated as follows: "Able to act actively, to influence someone, something; giving the best result, effective." Over time, the range of nouns with which this adjective is combined gradually expands. It includes abstract nouns whose semantics contain the idea of activity or processality: method (something), method (something). verb form), means (for what-L. or against whom-what-L.), measures (for what-L. or against what-L.), struggle (with whom-what-L. or against whom-what-L.) control (for what-L.), help (to whom-what-L. in what-L.), program (what-L.), politics, factor (what-L.), criticism (who-what-L.), propaganda (what-L.), agitation (for whom-what-L. or against whom - what-L.), theory, teaching, reforms (in the field of what-L.), changes (in what-L.), reorganization (what-L.), slogan, call (to what-L.), etc. Here are some examples: "The most effective way to improve your memory is to create a powerful motivation" (Profile. 1999. No. 2);" If we do not conduct an effective fight against corruption, then those who oppose state regulation are right " (Segodnya. 1994. June 15); "The most effective page 47 tea tree oil is considered to be the most effective treatment for the inner surface of shoes" (Home hearth. 1999. March); "It should be recognized that this is, of course, a very effective economic program (Izvestia. 1996. 17 Jan.). The next member of the paronymic series - the adjective valid-has also been used in Russian for many centuries, without undergoing any significant semantic changes during this time, but at the same time expanding its lexical compatibility. Explanatory dictionaries usually distinguish two meanings of this paronym: 1. Existing or actually existing; real, authentic, real. 2. Usually in a short form. Valid, valid, and active. In the first sense, the adjective real, as well as effective, is also combined with abstract nouns: life, fact, change ... Read more