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ALLEGORISM AND HYPERBUKVALISM IN THE BIBLICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF ORIGEN: PARADOX OR UNITY OF THE HERMENEUTICAL METHOD?

Tue, 16 Jul 2024 17:13:00 +0300

Origen, the great Christian theologian and exegete of the third century, who labored initially in Alexandria in Egypt and later in Caesarea in Palestine, had a reputation during his lifetime and after his death for being a strong advocate of allegorical methods of interpreting the Holy Scriptures. This does not mean that Origen in principle denied the need for a thorough study of the texts of Scripture, aimed at finding out their direct, literal meaning, which could be incomprehensible to believers who were not experienced in theological, historical and philological matters. On the contrary, it was Origen who was one of the founders of Christian Biblical philology, which put at the service of studying Biblical texts the techniques and methods developed by ancient grammarians. At the same time, the literal meaning of the Holy Scriptures - both in cases where this meaning was sufficiently obvious, and when its clarification required serious analytical work - was of much less interest to Origen than the non-obvious, "mysterious" meaning of the inspired Scriptures, taught in them in a hidden, allegorical form and revealed in them. exclusively by means of allegorical exegesis. We will not discuss the question of the cultural and historical roots of the idea that every sacred text contains a teaching addressed only to the initiates, the chosen ones, who are worthy to join the higher, divine and often saving knowledge, which is why the most important characteristic and main feature of such a text is its "darkness", which allows you to protect what is being conveyed It is a teaching against profanation, but it is not an insurmountable obstacle for a wise or inspired interpreter. Suffice it to say that in the Christian community, despite the emphatically universalistic nature of Christian preaching, such an attitude towards the texts of Holy Scripture was manifested quite early and that Origen fully shared this attitude.1 Origen was willing to admit that many spiritual and e ... Read more

ON THE HYPOTHESIS OF LINGUISTIC CONTACTS BETWEEN YAKUTS AND EVENKS IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE ETHNONYM SAKHA (YAKUT)

Tue, 16 Jul 2024 09:49:00 +0300

It is known that the Sakha ethnonym 'yakut' is considered by some scholars to be an Evenk borrowing, namely, it is associated with the Evenk ethnonym yako 'yakut' [Barashkov, 1985, p. 6; Janhunen, 1982, p. 73-77]. E. I. Ubryatova and a number of other Turkologists point to the process of transition of the Proto-Turkic *y - to Yakut s- through the steps * y - > d- > h - > s -, which occurred, in their opinion, before mass borrowing from the Mongolian and Evenk languages [Ubryatova, 1960, p. 68]. This assumption gives rise to the hypothesis of early medieval contacts between the ancestors of the Yakuts and Evenks, which leads to the hypothesis of the formation of the Yakut language as a result of a language shift among the Evenks, who, due to Turkic influence, switched to a new language and adopted the culture of newcomers. E. I. Ubryatova speaks about the language shift among the Evenks. From her point of view, in the early Middle Ages, at the first stage of the formation of the Yakut language, there was "a joint life of some ancient people, a native speaker of the Turkic language, close to the Orkhon Turkic languages, with some group of Mongols and Evenks" (Ubryatova, 1960, p.12). At the second stage, after the migration of the Yakut Turkic ancestors to the Lena-Aldan interfluve, the Evenks who inhabited this territory switched to the Yakut language. At the last stage, the Yakut language spread among the Evenks outside the Lena-Aldan interfluve, in the Vilyuya, Olekma, Kolyma and in the north [Ubryatova, 1960, p. 12]. Continuing to develop the position of E. I. Ubryatova, N. N. Shirobokova provides evidence for the existence of *y - in the early Yakut language, as well as contacts between the ancestors of the Yakuts and Evenks in the early Middle Ages. In her opinion, this is indicated by the presence of the Evenk word Yakol, meaning Yakuts, and the Russian word yakut, which, according to D. Banzarov, is the Mongolian plural form of the ancient form of self ... Read more

PHONOLOGICAL AND ETHNO-LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE OF "CHUVASH" LOANWORDS IN MARI

Tue, 16 Jul 2024 09:07:00 +0300

PHONOLOGICAL AND ETHNO-LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE OF "CHUVASH" BORROWINGS IN MARI 1 The article considers the question of which of the actually attested languages can be identified with the source of Mari loanwords. The ancestor of the Chuvash language is traditionally considered to be the language of the Volga Bulgars, recorded in epitaphs of the XIX century. The author compares the systems of vocalism and consonantism in the Mari loanwords and in the Volga-Bulgarian epitaphs. As a result of comparison of linguistic and archaeological materials, it was revealed that the source language of Mari loanwords is the ancestor of the language of Volga-Bulgarian epitaphs. It follows that the study of Mari loanwords provides a new rich material for studying the Bulgar branch of the Turkic languages. Chuvash loanwords in the Mari language have repeatedly attracted the attention of scientists [Mudrak, 1994; Fedotov, 1968; 1920; Veke, 1933; Veke, 1935; Bereczki, 1992-1994; Räsänen, 1920]. Traditionally, it is assumed that most of the Mari loanwords came from the modern Chuvash language (see Mudrak, 1994; Bereczki, 1992-1994) or from Late Bulgarian, whose phonetic system was largely identical to modern Chuvash (Räsänen, 1920). However, the development of vowel phonemes in Mari loanwords, according to some scholars [see, in particular: Bereczki, 1992 - 1994], does not lend itself to a systematic description. This is usually explained by later Mari innovations in the vocalism system. Here is just one example illustrating the ambiguity of phoneme correspondences in words of the Chuvash language and in words borrowed from it in the Mari language. The Chuvash reduced phoneme e in borrowed words can correspond to any Pramari reduced vowel: mar. l. küvar 'bridge'; 'floor'; mar. g. 'bridge' < chuv. 'most' [Fedotov, 1996, I, p. 276]; mar. g. inzyk, 'suck' < chuv. 'suck' [Fedotov, 1996, I, p. 149]; mar. l. šupaš; mar. g. šinaš 'to offer, to regale' < chuv. ... Read more